Electro-bio transduction unit on left when the optical source is ON and on the right when the thermal source is ON.
The command received from external devices is in the form of a binary code. This binary code is used to drive logic gates to produce an optical or thermal effect. The unit also contains a small chamber/drug reservoir that contains nano-sized (1–100 nm) carriers. These nanocarriers are designed in such a way that they release their contents upon stimulation from external factors such as changes in temperature, light, pH, etc. The bio–cyber interface model based on [5] adopted for this work employs two types of liposomes: photo-responsive liposomes and thermo-responsive liposomes. The photo-responsive release is considered through photoisomerization, where liposomes encapsulate molecules that excite upon the light illumination from an external source, this causes a conformational change and destabilization of the lipid membrane that allows molecule release. For thermo-responsiveness, molecules are encapsulated in temperature-sensitive liposomes or dendrimers [41], which deteriorate upon receiving nonlinear sharp changes in the temperature. To preserve the contents during propagation, thermo-responsive liposomes must retain their load at body temperature (37 °C) and may release their contents within a locally heated microenvironment. The release process of liposomes can be expressed in the following equation:
v(t) = εT (1 − e(γt))
(1)
where εT is the cumulative molecular concentration and γ is the release rate of liposomes. The output of the electro-bio unit can be expressed as follows.
c(f) = ∫ (0→Tin) ε Ψ (t) dt
(2)
where Tin is the time difference between injection and the start of the release process and Ψ is the total number of liposomes that release their content. The communication path of the electro-bio transduction unit is from bio–cyber interface towards in-body nanonetworks. The concentration of molecules may change during the propagation time i.e., after being injected from the bio–cyber interface into the blood vessel network and reaching the nano network or designated tissue. This rate of change of molecular communication from electro-bio transduction unit towards nanonetwork can be modeled through the equation below [5]:
dtv1(t) = v1(t) (k12 + k10) + k21 v2(t)
(3)
dtv2(t) = k12 v1(t) − k21 v2(t)
(4)
with initial conditions v1(0) = c(f) and v2(0) = 0. Where k12 and k21 are first-order rate constants, k10 is the elimination rate, v1(t) is the molecular concentration in the blood vessel network, and v2(t) is the concentration of information molecules when they reach nanonetwork. k10 is the elimination rate and vel(t) is the function of k10. The elimination rate represents the number of molecules that undergo biochemical modification, phagocytosis, elimination by liver or adhesion, and absorption by non-targeted sites, during the propagation process. Generally, the rate constants depend on the concentration difference between the blood vessel network and nanonetwork, the size of the aperture through the endothelial cell network, and the properties of the diffusing information molecules [42].
3.2. Bio-Electro Transduction Unit
This unit presents reverse communication, i.e., detection of biochemical signals in the blood vessel network and converting it to an equivalent electromagnetic signal.
A visual illustration of bioreporter activity is presented
The command received from external devices is in the form of a binary code. This binary code is used to drive logic gates to produce an optical or thermal effect. The unit also contains a small chamber/drug reservoir that contains nano-sized (1–100 nm) carriers. These nanocarriers are designed in such a way that they release their contents upon stimulation from external factors such as changes in temperature, light, pH, etc. The bio–cyber interface model based on [5] adopted for this work employs two types of liposomes: photo-responsive liposomes and thermo-responsive liposomes. The photo-responsive release is considered through photoisomerization, where liposomes encapsulate molecules that excite upon the light illumination from an external source, this causes a conformational change and destabilization of the lipid membrane that allows molecule release. For thermo-responsiveness, molecules are encapsulated in temperature-sensitive liposomes or dendrimers [41], which deteriorate upon receiving nonlinear sharp changes in the temperature. To preserve the contents during propagation, thermo-responsive liposomes must retain their load at body temperature (37 °C) and may release their contents within a locally heated microenvironment. The release process of liposomes can be expressed in the following equation:
v(t) = εT (1 − e(γt))
(1)
where εT is the cumulative molecular concentration and γ is the release rate of liposomes. The output of the electro-bio unit can be expressed as follows.
c(f) = ∫ (0→Tin) ε Ψ (t) dt
(2)
where Tin is the time difference between injection and the start of the release process and Ψ is the total number of liposomes that release their content. The communication path of the electro-bio transduction unit is from bio–cyber interface towards in-body nanonetworks. The concentration of molecules may change during the propagation time i.e., after being injected from the bio–cyber interface into the blood vessel network and reaching the nano network or designated tissue. This rate of change of molecular communication from electro-bio transduction unit towards nanonetwork can be modeled through the equation below [5]:
dtv1(t) = v1(t) (k12 + k10) + k21 v2(t)
(3)
dtv2(t) = k12 v1(t) − k21 v2(t)
(4)
with initial conditions v1(0) = c(f) and v2(0) = 0. Where k12 and k21 are first-order rate constants, k10 is the elimination rate, v1(t) is the molecular concentration in the blood vessel network, and v2(t) is the concentration of information molecules when they reach nanonetwork. k10 is the elimination rate and vel(t) is the function of k10. The elimination rate represents the number of molecules that undergo biochemical modification, phagocytosis, elimination by liver or adhesion, and absorption by non-targeted sites, during the propagation process. Generally, the rate constants depend on the concentration difference between the blood vessel network and nanonetwork, the size of the aperture through the endothelial cell network, and the properties of the diffusing information molecules [42].
3.2. Bio-Electro Transduction Unit
This unit presents reverse communication, i.e., detection of biochemical signals in the blood vessel network and converting it to an equivalent electromagnetic signal.
A visual illustration of bioreporter activity is presented
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George Carlin - It's A BIG Club & You Ain't In It!
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TAKE YOUR BRAIN JHONNY! hang up your brain jhonny hang it up and hold it tight!
The chief Rabbi of Paris warns that "there is no future for Jews in France" and advises young Jews to flee to Israel
"Today it is clear that there is no future for Jews in France," Rabbi Moshe Sebag told the Jerusalem Post on Monday.
"I tell all young people to go to Israel or to a safer country."
After the success of the right-wing National Rally in the first round of French parliamentary elections on Sunday, the Great Synagogue of Paris Chief Rabbi Moshe Sebag questioned the future of Jews in France and supported the immigration of young people to Israel or other countries.
The Jerusalem Post
"Today it is clear that there is no future for Jews in France," Rabbi Moshe Sebag told the Jerusalem Post on Monday.
"I tell all young people to go to Israel or to a safer country."
After the success of the right-wing National Rally in the first round of French parliamentary elections on Sunday, the Great Synagogue of Paris Chief Rabbi Moshe Sebag questioned the future of Jews in France and supported the immigration of young people to Israel or other countries.
The Jerusalem Post
https://www.timesofisrael.com/october-7-victims-sue-iran-syria-north-korea-for-billions-in-us-court/
The Times of Israel
October 7 victims sue Iran, Syria, North Korea for billions in US court
More than 125 plaintiffs claim that all three countries provided Palestinian terror group with financial, military and tactical support it needed to carry out devastating assault