1. What will be the output of the following code?

def add_item(item, lst=None):
    if lst is None:
        lst = []
    lst.append(item)
    return lst

print(add_item(1))
print(add_item(2))

A. [1] then [2]
B. [1] then [1, 2]
C. [] then []
D. Raises TypeError
Correct answer: A.

2. What is printed by this code?

x = 10
def func():
    print(x)
    x = 5

func()

A. 10
B. 5
C. None
D. UnboundLocalError
Correct answer: D.

3. What is the result of executing this code?

a = [1, 2, 3]
b = a[:]
a.append(4)
print(b)

A. [1, 2, 3, 4]
B. [4]
C. [1, 2, 3]
D. []
Correct answer: C.

4. What does the following expression evaluate to?

bool("False")

A. False
B. True
C. Raises ValueError
D. None
Correct answer: B.

5. What will be the output?

print(type({}))

A. <class 'list'>
B. <class 'set'>
C. <class 'dict'>
D. <class 'tuple'>
Correct answer: C.

6. What is printed by this code?

x = (1, 2, [3])
x[2] += [4]
print(x)

A. (1, 2, [3])
B. (1, 2, [3, 4])
C. TypeError
D. AttributeError
Correct answer: C.

7. What does this code output?

print([i for i in range(3) if i])

A. [0, 1, 2]
B. [1, 2]
C. [0]
D. []
Correct answer: B.

8. What will be printed?

d = {"a": 1}
print(d.get("b", 2))

A. None
B. KeyError
C. 2
D. "b"
Correct answer: C.

9. What is the output?

print(1 in [1, 2], 1 is 1)

A. True True
B. True False
C. False True
D. False False
Correct answer: A.

10. What does this code produce?

def gen():
    for i in range(2):
        yield i

g = gen()
print(next(g), next(g))

A. 0 1
B. 1 2
C. 0 0
D. StopIteration
Correct answer: A.

11. What is printed?

print({x: x*x for x in range(2)})

A. {0, 1}
B. {0: 0, 1: 1}
C. [(0,0),(1,1)]
D. Error
Correct answer: B.

12. What is the result of this comparison?

print([] == [], [] is [])

A. True True
B. False False
C. True False
D. False True
Correct answer: C.

13. What will be printed?

def f():
    try:
        return "A"
    finally:
        print("B")

print(f())

A. A
B. B
C. B then A
D. A then B
Correct answer: C.

14. What does this code output?

x = [1, 2]
y = x
x = x + [3]
print(y)

A. [1, 2, 3]
B. [3]
C. [1, 2]
D. Error
Correct answer: C.

15. What is printed?

print(type(i for i in range(3)))

A. <class 'list'>
B. <class 'tuple'>
C. <class 'generator'>
D. <class 'range'>
Correct answer: C.

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Advice on clean code in Python

Don't use "naive" datetime without time zones. Store and process time in UTC, and display it to the user in his local time zone

import datetime
from zoneinfo import ZoneInfo

# BAD
now = datetime.datetime.now()

print(now.isoformat())
# 2025-10-21T15:03:07.332217

# GOOD
now = datetime.datetime.now(tz=ZoneInfo("UTC"))
print(now.isoformat())
# 2025-10-21T12:04:22.573590+00:00

print(now.astimezone().isoformat())
# 2025-10-21T15:04:22.573590+03:00