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The best way to learn JavaScript is by practicing examples. In this post, I have posted some basic programs for internships purpose and pratice.
✅ HTML5 Basics You Should Know 🌐
HTML5 is the latest version of HTML (HyperText Markup Language). It structures web content using elements and adds semantic meaning, form control, media support, and improved accessibility.
🧱 Basic Structure of an HTML5 Page:
📌 Key HTML5 Features with Examples:
1️⃣ Semantic Elements – Makes code readable SEO-friendly:
2️⃣ Media Tags – Add audio and video easily:
3️⃣ Form Enhancements – New input types:
4️⃣ Canvas SVG – Draw graphics in-browser:
💡 Why HTML5 Matters:
• Cleaner, more semantic structure
• Native support for multimedia
• Mobile-friendly and faster loading
• Enhanced form validation
🎯 Quick Practice Task:
Build a simple HTML5 page that includes:
• A header
• Navigation bar
• Main article
• Video or image
• Footer with contact info
✅ HTML5 Basics + Real Interview Questions Answers 🌐📋
1️⃣ Q: What is HTML and why is it important?
A: HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the standard markup language used to create the structure of web pages. It organizes content into headings, paragraphs, links, lists, forms, etc.
2️⃣ Q: What’s the difference between
A:
3️⃣ Q: What is the difference between
A:
•
•
→
4️⃣ Q: What are semantic tags? Name a few.
A: Semantic tags clearly describe their purpose. Examples:
5️⃣ Q: What is the difference between
A:
•
•
•
6️⃣ Q: How does a form work in HTML?
A: Forms collect user input using
7️⃣ Q: What is the purpose of the alt attribute in an image tag?
A: It provides alternative text if the image doesn’t load and improves accessibility for screen readers.
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HTML5 is the latest version of HTML (HyperText Markup Language). It structures web content using elements and adds semantic meaning, form control, media support, and improved accessibility.
🧱 Basic Structure of an HTML5 Page:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<noscript>My First Page</noscript>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to HTML5!</h1>
<p>This is a simple paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
📌 Key HTML5 Features with Examples:
1️⃣ Semantic Elements – Makes code readable SEO-friendly:
<header>My Website Header</header>
<nav>Links go here</nav>
<main>
<article>News article content</article>
<aside>Sidebar info</aside>
</main>
<footer>Contact info</footer>
2️⃣ Media Tags – Add audio and video easily:
<video width="300" controls>
<source src="video.mp4" type="video/mp4">
</video>
<audio controls>
<source src="audio.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
</audio>
3️⃣ Form Enhancements – New input types:
<form>
<input type="email" placeholder="Enter your email">
<input type="date">
<input type="range" min="1" max="10">
<input type="submit">
</form>
4️⃣ Canvas SVG – Draw graphics in-browser:
<canvas id="myCanvas" width="200" height="100"></canvas>
💡 Why HTML5 Matters:
• Cleaner, more semantic structure
• Native support for multimedia
• Mobile-friendly and faster loading
• Enhanced form validation
🎯 Quick Practice Task:
Build a simple HTML5 page that includes:
• A header
• Navigation bar
• Main article
• Video or image
• Footer with contact info
✅ HTML5 Basics + Real Interview Questions Answers 🌐📋
1️⃣ Q: What is HTML and why is it important?
A: HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the standard markup language used to create the structure of web pages. It organizes content into headings, paragraphs, links, lists, forms, etc.
2️⃣ Q: What’s the difference between
<div> and <section>?A:
<div> is a generic container with no semantic meaning. <section> is a semantic tag that groups related content with meaning, useful for SEO and accessibility.3️⃣ Q: What is the difference between
id and class in HTML?A:
•
id is unique for one element•
class can be reused on multiple elements→
id is used for specific targeting, class for grouping styles.4️⃣ Q: What are semantic tags? Name a few.
A: Semantic tags clearly describe their purpose. Examples:
<header>, <nav>, <main>, <article>, <aside>, <footer>5️⃣ Q: What is the difference between
<ul>, <ol>, and <dl>?A:
•
<ul> = unordered list (bullets)•
<ol> = ordered list (numbers)•
<dl> = denoscription list (term-definition pairs)6️⃣ Q: How does a form work in HTML?
A: Forms collect user input using
<input>, <textarea>, <select>, etc. Data is sent using the action and method attributes to a server for processing.7️⃣ Q: What is the purpose of the alt attribute in an image tag?
A: It provides alternative text if the image doesn’t load and improves accessibility for screen readers.
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✅ CSS3 Basics You Should Know 🎨🖥
CSS3 (Cascading Style Sheets – Level 3) controls the look and feel of your HTML pages. Here's what you need to master:
1️⃣ Selectors – Target Elements
Selectors let you apply styles to specific HTML parts:
2️⃣ Box Model – Understand Layout
Every element is a box with:
• Content → text/image inside
• Padding → space around content
• Border → around the padding
• Margin → space outside border
3️⃣ Flexbox – Align with Ease
Great for centering or laying out elements:
4️⃣ Grid – 2D Layout Power
Use when you need rows and columns:
5️⃣ Responsive Design – Mobile Friendly
Media queries adapt to screen size:
6️⃣ Styling Forms Buttons
Make UI friendly:
7️⃣ Transitions Animations
Add smooth effects:
🛠 Practice Task:
Build a card component using Flexbox:
• Title, image, denoscription, button
• Make it responsive on small screens
---
✅ CSS3 Basics + Real Interview Questions Answers 🧠📋
1️⃣ Q: What is CSS and why is it important?
A: CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) controls the visual presentation of HTML elements—colors, layout, fonts, spacing, and more.
2️⃣ Q: What’s the difference between id and class in CSS?
A:
• #id targets a unique element
• .class targets multiple elements
→ Use id for one-time styles, class for reusable styles.
3️⃣ Q: What is the Box Model in CSS?
A: Every HTML element is a box with:
• content → actual text/image
• padding → space around content
• border → edge around padding
• margin → space outside the border
4️⃣ Q: What are pseudo-classes?
A: Pseudo-classes define a special state of an element. Examples:
5️⃣ Q: What is the difference between relative, absolute, and fixed positioning?
A:
• relative → positioned relative to itself
• absolute → positioned relative to nearest positioned ancestor
• fixed → positioned relative to viewport
6️⃣ Q: What is Flexbox used for?
A: Flexbox is a layout model that arranges items in rows or columns, making responsive design easier.
7️⃣ Q: How do media queries work?
A: Media queries apply styles based on device characteristics like screen width, height, or orientation.
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CSS3 (Cascading Style Sheets – Level 3) controls the look and feel of your HTML pages. Here's what you need to master:
1️⃣ Selectors – Target Elements
Selectors let you apply styles to specific HTML parts:
p { color: blue; } /* targets all <p> tags */
#noscript { font-size: 24px; } /* targets ID "noscript" */
.card { padding: 10px; } /* targets class "card" */2️⃣ Box Model – Understand Layout
Every element is a box with:
• Content → text/image inside
• Padding → space around content
• Border → around the padding
• Margin → space outside border
div {
padding: 10px;
border: 1px solid black;
margin: 20px;
}3️⃣ Flexbox – Align with Ease
Great for centering or laying out elements:
.container {
display: flex;
justify-content: center; /* horizontal */
align-items: center; /* vertical */
}4️⃣ Grid – 2D Layout Power
Use when you need rows and columns:
.grid {
display: grid;
grid-template-columns: 1fr 2fr;
gap: 20px;
}5️⃣ Responsive Design – Mobile Friendly
Media queries adapt to screen size:
@media (max-width: 768px) {
.card { font-size: 14px; }
}6️⃣ Styling Forms Buttons
Make UI friendly:
input {
border: none;
padding: 8px;
border-radius: 4px;
}
button {
background-color: #4CAF50;
color: white;
border: none;
padding: 10px;
}7️⃣ Transitions Animations
Add smooth effects:
.button {
transition: background-color 0.3s ease;
}
.button:hover {
background-color: #333;
}🛠 Practice Task:
Build a card component using Flexbox:
• Title, image, denoscription, button
• Make it responsive on small screens
---
✅ CSS3 Basics + Real Interview Questions Answers 🧠📋
1️⃣ Q: What is CSS and why is it important?
A: CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) controls the visual presentation of HTML elements—colors, layout, fonts, spacing, and more.
2️⃣ Q: What’s the difference between id and class in CSS?
A:
• #id targets a unique element
• .class targets multiple elements
→ Use id for one-time styles, class for reusable styles.
3️⃣ Q: What is the Box Model in CSS?
A: Every HTML element is a box with:
• content → actual text/image
• padding → space around content
• border → edge around padding
• margin → space outside the border
4️⃣ Q: What are pseudo-classes?
A: Pseudo-classes define a special state of an element. Examples:
:hover, :first-child, :nth-of-type()5️⃣ Q: What is the difference between relative, absolute, and fixed positioning?
A:
• relative → positioned relative to itself
• absolute → positioned relative to nearest positioned ancestor
• fixed → positioned relative to viewport
6️⃣ Q: What is Flexbox used for?
A: Flexbox is a layout model that arranges items in rows or columns, making responsive design easier.
7️⃣ Q: How do media queries work?
A: Media queries apply styles based on device characteristics like screen width, height, or orientation.
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✅ Web Development Frameworks 🌐💻
Understanding web development frameworks helps you choose the right tool for the job — whether it’s frontend, backend, or full-stack. Here's a breakdown with real-world examples.
1. Frontend Frameworks (User Interface)
These help build interactive web pages users see.
A. React.js (Library by Meta)
• Use when: You need dynamic, component-based UIs.
• Best for: Single Page Applications (SPA), real-time updates
• Example: Facebook, Instagram
function Greet() {
return <h1>Hello, user!</h1>;
}
B. Angular (Google)
• Use when: Building large-scale, enterprise-level apps with TypeScript.
• Best for: Complex SPAs with built-in routing, forms, HTTP
• Example: Gmail, Upwork
C. Vue.js
• Use when: You want a lightweight, flexible alternative to React/Angular
• Best for: Startups, MVPs
• Example: Alibaba, Xiaomi
2. Backend Frameworks (Server-side logic)
Handle database, APIs, user auth, etc.
A. Node.js + Express.js
• Use when: Building REST APIs, real-time apps (e.g. chat)
• Best for: Full-stack JS apps, fast prototyping
• Example: Netflix, LinkedIn backend
app.get("/", (req, res) => {
res.send("Hello world");
});
B. Django (Python)
• Use when: You need security, admin panel, and quick setup
• Best for: Rapid backend development, data-heavy apps
• Example: Instagram, Pinterest
C. Flask (Python)
• Use when: You want more control and a lightweight setup
• Best for: Small APIs, microservices
• Example: Netflix internal tools
D. Laravel (PHP)
• Use when: Building apps with clean syntax, built-in auth, MVC pattern
• Best for: CMS, CRM, e-commerce
• Example: B2B web portals, Laravel Nova
3. Full-stack Frameworks
Combine frontend + backend in one environment.
A. Next.js (React-based)
• Use when: You want SEO-friendly React apps (SSR/SSG)
• Best for: Blogs, e-commerce, dashboards
• Example: TikTok web, Hashnode
B. Nuxt.js (Vue-based)
• Use when: Vue + server-side rendering
• Best for: SEO-heavy Vue apps
• Example: GitLab documentation site
C. Ruby on Rails
• Use when: You want opinionated structure and fast development
• Best for: MVPs, startups
• Example: Shopify, GitHub (early days)
When to Use What?
Goal: Fast UI + real-time app → React.js + Node.js + Express
Goal: SEO-friendly React site → Next.js
Goal: Secure backend with admin → Django
Goal: Lightweight Python API → Flask
Goal: Laravel-style MVC in PHP → Laravel
Goal: Complete Vue.js SSR app → Nuxt.js
Goal: Enterprise SPA → Angular
Goal: Small-to-mid project, fast → Vue.js or Flask
🎯 Takeaway:
Choose based on:
• Team size expertise
• Project size complexity
• Need for speed, security, or SEO
• Preferred language (JS, Python, PHP, etc.)
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Understanding web development frameworks helps you choose the right tool for the job — whether it’s frontend, backend, or full-stack. Here's a breakdown with real-world examples.
1. Frontend Frameworks (User Interface)
These help build interactive web pages users see.
A. React.js (Library by Meta)
• Use when: You need dynamic, component-based UIs.
• Best for: Single Page Applications (SPA), real-time updates
• Example: Facebook, Instagram
function Greet() {
return <h1>Hello, user!</h1>;
}
B. Angular (Google)
• Use when: Building large-scale, enterprise-level apps with TypeScript.
• Best for: Complex SPAs with built-in routing, forms, HTTP
• Example: Gmail, Upwork
C. Vue.js
• Use when: You want a lightweight, flexible alternative to React/Angular
• Best for: Startups, MVPs
• Example: Alibaba, Xiaomi
2. Backend Frameworks (Server-side logic)
Handle database, APIs, user auth, etc.
A. Node.js + Express.js
• Use when: Building REST APIs, real-time apps (e.g. chat)
• Best for: Full-stack JS apps, fast prototyping
• Example: Netflix, LinkedIn backend
app.get("/", (req, res) => {
res.send("Hello world");
});
B. Django (Python)
• Use when: You need security, admin panel, and quick setup
• Best for: Rapid backend development, data-heavy apps
• Example: Instagram, Pinterest
C. Flask (Python)
• Use when: You want more control and a lightweight setup
• Best for: Small APIs, microservices
• Example: Netflix internal tools
D. Laravel (PHP)
• Use when: Building apps with clean syntax, built-in auth, MVC pattern
• Best for: CMS, CRM, e-commerce
• Example: B2B web portals, Laravel Nova
3. Full-stack Frameworks
Combine frontend + backend in one environment.
A. Next.js (React-based)
• Use when: You want SEO-friendly React apps (SSR/SSG)
• Best for: Blogs, e-commerce, dashboards
• Example: TikTok web, Hashnode
B. Nuxt.js (Vue-based)
• Use when: Vue + server-side rendering
• Best for: SEO-heavy Vue apps
• Example: GitLab documentation site
C. Ruby on Rails
• Use when: You want opinionated structure and fast development
• Best for: MVPs, startups
• Example: Shopify, GitHub (early days)
When to Use What?
Goal: Fast UI + real-time app → React.js + Node.js + Express
Goal: SEO-friendly React site → Next.js
Goal: Secure backend with admin → Django
Goal: Lightweight Python API → Flask
Goal: Laravel-style MVC in PHP → Laravel
Goal: Complete Vue.js SSR app → Nuxt.js
Goal: Enterprise SPA → Angular
Goal: Small-to-mid project, fast → Vue.js or Flask
🎯 Takeaway:
Choose based on:
• Team size expertise
• Project size complexity
• Need for speed, security, or SEO
• Preferred language (JS, Python, PHP, etc.)
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4 AI Certifications for Developers 🔥🔥
1. Intro to AI Ethics
https://kaggle.com/learn/intro-to-ai-ethics
2. AI matters
https://open.edu/openlearn/education-development/ai-matters/content-section-overview
3. Elements of AI
https://course.elementsofai.com
4. Ethics of AI
https://ethics-of-ai.mooc.fi
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1. Intro to AI Ethics
https://kaggle.com/learn/intro-to-ai-ethics
2. AI matters
https://open.edu/openlearn/education-development/ai-matters/content-section-overview
3. Elements of AI
https://course.elementsofai.com
4. Ethics of AI
https://ethics-of-ai.mooc.fi
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✅ React.js Essentials ⚛️🔥
React.js is a JavaScript library for building user interfaces, especially single-page apps. Created by Meta, it focuses on components, speed, and interactivity.
1️⃣ What is React?
React lets you build reusable UI components and update the DOM efficiently using a virtual DOM.
Why Use React?
• Reusable components
• Faster performance with virtual DOM
• Great for building SPAs (Single Page Applications)
• Strong community and ecosystem
2️⃣ Key Concepts
📦 Components – Reusable, independent pieces of UI.
🧠 Props – Pass data to components
💡 State – Store and manage data in a component
3️⃣ Hooks
useState – Manage local state
useEffect – Run side effects (like API calls, DOM updates)
4️⃣ JSX
JSX lets you write HTML inside JS.
5️⃣ Conditional Rendering
6️⃣ Lists and Keys
7️⃣ Event Handling
8️⃣ Form Handling
9️⃣ React Router (Bonus)
To handle multiple pages
🛠 Practice Tasks
✅ Build a counter
✅ Make a TODO app using state
✅ Fetch and display API data
✅ Try routing between 2 pages
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React.js is a JavaScript library for building user interfaces, especially single-page apps. Created by Meta, it focuses on components, speed, and interactivity.
1️⃣ What is React?
React lets you build reusable UI components and update the DOM efficiently using a virtual DOM.
Why Use React?
• Reusable components
• Faster performance with virtual DOM
• Great for building SPAs (Single Page Applications)
• Strong community and ecosystem
2️⃣ Key Concepts
📦 Components – Reusable, independent pieces of UI.
function Welcome() {
return <h1>Hello, React!</h1>;
}
🧠 Props – Pass data to components
function Greet(props) {
return <h2>Hello, {props.name}!</h2>;
}
<Greet name="Riya" />
💡 State – Store and manage data in a component
import { useState } from 'react';
function Counter() {
const [count, setCount] = useState(0);
return (
<>
<p>Count: {count}</p>
<button onClick={() => setCount(count + 1)}>Add</button>
</>
);
}
3️⃣ Hooks
useState – Manage local state
useEffect – Run side effects (like API calls, DOM updates)
import { useEffect } from 'react';
useEffect(() => {
console.log("Component mounted");
}, []);
4️⃣ JSX
JSX lets you write HTML inside JS.
const element = <h1>Hello World</h1>;
5️⃣ Conditional Rendering
{isLoggedIn ? <Dashboard /> : <Login />}
6️⃣ Lists and Keys
const items = ["Apple", "Banana"];
items.map((item, index) => <li key={index}>{item}</li>);
7️⃣ Event Handling
<button onClick={handleClick}>Click Me</button>
8️⃣ Form Handling
<input value={name} onChange={(e) => setName(e.target.value)} />
9️⃣ React Router (Bonus)
To handle multiple pages
npm install react-router-dom
import { BrowserRouter, Route, Routes } from 'react-router-dom';
🛠 Practice Tasks
✅ Build a counter
✅ Make a TODO app using state
✅ Fetch and display API data
✅ Try routing between 2 pages
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✅ Web development Interview Questions with Answers Part-8
71. What is MVC architecture?
MVC separates concerns into three parts:
• Model: Handles data and business logic
• View: Handles UI
• Controller: Handles user input and flow
This separation improves maintainability and testing.
72. What is the difference between monolithic and microservices architecture?
Monolithic architecture is a single deployable unit, simpler to start with, but scales as a whole. Microservices architecture splits functionality into independent services, more complex, but scales independently. Choice depends on team size and complexity.
73. What is an API gateway and why is it used?
An API gateway:
• Sits between clients and services
• Handles routing, auth, rate limiting
• Simplifies client communication
• Centralizes cross-cutting concerns
74. What caching strategies do you use in web applications?
• Client-side caching for static assets
• Server-side caching for frequent queries
• CDN caching for global delivery
Cache invalidation is handled carefully.
75. What is a CDN and how does it help performance?
A CDN:
• Serves content from locations closer to users
• Reduces latency
• Reduces server load
• Improves global performance
76. What is load balancing?
Load balancing:
• Distributes traffic across servers
• Improves availability and fault tolerance
Common methods include round robin and least connections.
77. What is the difference between scalability and performance?
• Performance: Speed for a single request
• Scalability: Handling increased load
A fast system that fails under load is not scalable.
78. What is the difference between horizontal and vertical scaling?
• Vertical scaling: Adds more resources to a server
• Horizontal scaling: Adds more servers
Horizontal scaling is more resilient.
79. What is the difference between WebSockets and HTTP?
• HTTP: Request-response based
• WebSockets: Persistent, two-way communication
Use WebSockets for real-time features like chat.
80. How do you handle file uploads securely?
• Validate file type and size
• Rename files to prevent collisions
• Store files outside the public directory
• Scan files when required
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71. What is MVC architecture?
MVC separates concerns into three parts:
• Model: Handles data and business logic
• View: Handles UI
• Controller: Handles user input and flow
This separation improves maintainability and testing.
72. What is the difference between monolithic and microservices architecture?
Monolithic architecture is a single deployable unit, simpler to start with, but scales as a whole. Microservices architecture splits functionality into independent services, more complex, but scales independently. Choice depends on team size and complexity.
73. What is an API gateway and why is it used?
An API gateway:
• Sits between clients and services
• Handles routing, auth, rate limiting
• Simplifies client communication
• Centralizes cross-cutting concerns
74. What caching strategies do you use in web applications?
• Client-side caching for static assets
• Server-side caching for frequent queries
• CDN caching for global delivery
Cache invalidation is handled carefully.
75. What is a CDN and how does it help performance?
A CDN:
• Serves content from locations closer to users
• Reduces latency
• Reduces server load
• Improves global performance
76. What is load balancing?
Load balancing:
• Distributes traffic across servers
• Improves availability and fault tolerance
Common methods include round robin and least connections.
77. What is the difference between scalability and performance?
• Performance: Speed for a single request
• Scalability: Handling increased load
A fast system that fails under load is not scalable.
78. What is the difference between horizontal and vertical scaling?
• Vertical scaling: Adds more resources to a server
• Horizontal scaling: Adds more servers
Horizontal scaling is more resilient.
79. What is the difference between WebSockets and HTTP?
• HTTP: Request-response based
• WebSockets: Persistent, two-way communication
Use WebSockets for real-time features like chat.
80. How do you handle file uploads securely?
• Validate file type and size
• Rename files to prevent collisions
• Store files outside the public directory
• Scan files when required
Double Tap ♥️ For Part-9
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🔰 Auto fill Pseudo Element in CSS
Default browser highlights in auto-filled fields can clash with a site’s design. By leveraging the
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Default browser highlights in auto-filled fields can clash with a site’s design. By leveraging the
:-webkit-autofill pseudo-class, developers can override these styles and ensure consistent branding across modern browsers.@CodingCoursePro
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✅ Web development Interview Questions with Answers: Part-1
QUESTION 1
What happens step by step when you enter a URL in a browser and press Enter?
Answer
You trigger a long chain of events.
• Browser parses the URL and identifies protocol, domain, path
• Browser checks cache, DNS cache, OS cache, router cache
• If not found, DNS lookup happens to get the IP address
• Browser opens a TCP connection with the server
• HTTPS triggers TLS handshake for encryption
• Browser sends an HTTP request to the server
• Server processes request and sends HTTP response
• Browser downloads HTML, CSS, JS, images
• HTML parsed into DOM
• CSS parsed into CSSOM
• DOM + CSSOM create render tree
• Layout calculates positions
• Paint draws pixels on screen
• JavaScript executes and updates UI
Interview tip
Mention DNS, TCP, TLS, render tree. This separates juniors from seniors.
QUESTION 2
What are the roles of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript in a web application?
Answer
Each layer has a single responsibility.
HTML
• Structure of the page
• Content and meaning
• Headings, forms, inputs, buttons
CSS
• Presentation and layout
• Colors, fonts, spacing
• Responsive behavior
JavaScript
• Behavior and logic
• Events, API calls, validation
• Dynamic updates
Real example
HTML builds a login form
CSS styles it
JavaScript validates input and sends API request
QUESTION 3
What are the main differences between HTML and HTML5?
Answer
HTML5 added native capabilities.
Key differences
• Semantic tags like header, footer, article
• Audio and video support without plugins
• Canvas and SVG for graphics
• Local storage and session storage
QUESTION 4
What is the difference between block-level and inline elements in HTML?
Answer
Block elements
• Start on a new line
• Take full width
• Respect height and width
• Examples: div, p, h1
Inline elements
• Stay in same line
• Take only content width
• Height and width ignored
• Examples: span, a, strong
Inline-block
• Stays inline
• Respects height and width
QUESTION 5
What is semantic HTML and why is it important for SEO and accessibility?
Answer
Semantic HTML uses meaningful tags.
Examples
• header, nav, main, article, section, footer
Benefits
• Search engines understand content better
• Screen readers read pages correctly
• Code becomes readable and maintainable
SEO example
article tag signals main content to search engines.
Accessibility example
Screen readers jump between landmarks.
QUESTION 6
What are meta tags and how do they impact search engines?
Answer
Meta tags provide page metadata.
Common meta tags
• charset defines encoding
• viewport controls responsiveness
• denoscription influences search snippets
• robots control indexing
SEO impact
• Denoscription affects click-through rate
• Robots tag controls indexing behavior
Note: Meta keywords are ignored by modern search engines.
QUESTION 7
What is the difference between class and id attributes in HTML?
Answer
ID
• Unique
• Used once per page
• High CSS specificity
• Used for anchors and JS targeting
Class
• Reusable
• Applied to multiple elements
• Preferred for styling
QUESTION 8
What is a DOCTYPE declaration and why is it required?
Answer
DOCTYPE tells the browser how to render the page.
Without DOCTYPE
• Browser enters quirks mode
• Layout breaks
• Inconsistent behavior
With DOCTYPE
• Standards mode
• Predictable rendering
QUESTION 9
How do HTML forms work and what are common input types?
Answer
Forms collect and send user data.
Process
• User fills inputs
• Submit triggers request
• Data sent via GET or POST
Common input types
• text, email, password
• number, date
• radio, checkbox
• file
Security note
Always validate on server side.
QUESTION 10
What is web accessibility and what are ARIA roles used for?
Answer
Accessibility ensures usable web apps for everyone.
Who benefits
• Screen reader users
• Keyboard users
• Users with visual or motor impairments
ARIA roles
• Add meaning when native HTML falls short
• role, aria-label, aria-hidden
Rule
Use semantic HTML first. Use ARIA only when needed.
Double Tap ♥️ For Part-2
QUESTION 1
What happens step by step when you enter a URL in a browser and press Enter?
Answer
You trigger a long chain of events.
• Browser parses the URL and identifies protocol, domain, path
• Browser checks cache, DNS cache, OS cache, router cache
• If not found, DNS lookup happens to get the IP address
• Browser opens a TCP connection with the server
• HTTPS triggers TLS handshake for encryption
• Browser sends an HTTP request to the server
• Server processes request and sends HTTP response
• Browser downloads HTML, CSS, JS, images
• HTML parsed into DOM
• CSS parsed into CSSOM
• DOM + CSSOM create render tree
• Layout calculates positions
• Paint draws pixels on screen
• JavaScript executes and updates UI
Interview tip
Mention DNS, TCP, TLS, render tree. This separates juniors from seniors.
QUESTION 2
What are the roles of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript in a web application?
Answer
Each layer has a single responsibility.
HTML
• Structure of the page
• Content and meaning
• Headings, forms, inputs, buttons
CSS
• Presentation and layout
• Colors, fonts, spacing
• Responsive behavior
JavaScript
• Behavior and logic
• Events, API calls, validation
• Dynamic updates
Real example
HTML builds a login form
CSS styles it
JavaScript validates input and sends API request
QUESTION 3
What are the main differences between HTML and HTML5?
Answer
HTML5 added native capabilities.
Key differences
• Semantic tags like header, footer, article
• Audio and video support without plugins
• Canvas and SVG for graphics
• Local storage and session storage
QUESTION 4
What is the difference between block-level and inline elements in HTML?
Answer
Block elements
• Start on a new line
• Take full width
• Respect height and width
• Examples: div, p, h1
Inline elements
• Stay in same line
• Take only content width
• Height and width ignored
• Examples: span, a, strong
Inline-block
• Stays inline
• Respects height and width
QUESTION 5
What is semantic HTML and why is it important for SEO and accessibility?
Answer
Semantic HTML uses meaningful tags.
Examples
• header, nav, main, article, section, footer
Benefits
• Search engines understand content better
• Screen readers read pages correctly
• Code becomes readable and maintainable
SEO example
article tag signals main content to search engines.
Accessibility example
Screen readers jump between landmarks.
QUESTION 6
What are meta tags and how do they impact search engines?
Answer
Meta tags provide page metadata.
Common meta tags
• charset defines encoding
• viewport controls responsiveness
• denoscription influences search snippets
• robots control indexing
SEO impact
• Denoscription affects click-through rate
• Robots tag controls indexing behavior
Note: Meta keywords are ignored by modern search engines.
QUESTION 7
What is the difference between class and id attributes in HTML?
Answer
ID
• Unique
• Used once per page
• High CSS specificity
• Used for anchors and JS targeting
Class
• Reusable
• Applied to multiple elements
• Preferred for styling
QUESTION 8
What is a DOCTYPE declaration and why is it required?
Answer
DOCTYPE tells the browser how to render the page.
Without DOCTYPE
• Browser enters quirks mode
• Layout breaks
• Inconsistent behavior
With DOCTYPE
• Standards mode
• Predictable rendering
QUESTION 9
How do HTML forms work and what are common input types?
Answer
Forms collect and send user data.
Process
• User fills inputs
• Submit triggers request
• Data sent via GET or POST
Common input types
• text, email, password
• number, date
• radio, checkbox
• file
Security note
Always validate on server side.
QUESTION 10
What is web accessibility and what are ARIA roles used for?
Answer
Accessibility ensures usable web apps for everyone.
Who benefits
• Screen reader users
• Keyboard users
• Users with visual or motor impairments
ARIA roles
• Add meaning when native HTML falls short
• role, aria-label, aria-hidden
Rule
Use semantic HTML first. Use ARIA only when needed.
Double Tap ♥️ For Part-2
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