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Clean Code Tip:

For reusable setup and teardown logic, you can create your own context managers. Instead of writing a full class with __enter__ and __exit__, use the @contextmanager decorator from the contextlib module for a more concise and elegant solution. This is a pro-level technique for robust resource management. 🚀

Example:

import contextlib

# The verbose, class-based way to create a context manager
class DatabaseConnection:
    def __init__(self, db_name):
        self._db_name = db_name
        self._conn = None
        print(f"Initializing connection to {self._db_name}...")

    def __enter__(self):
        print("-> Entering context: Opening connection.")
        self._conn = f"CONNECTION_TO_{self._db_name}" # Simulate connection
        return self._conn

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
        print("<- Exiting context: Closing connection.")
        self._conn = None # Simulate closing

print("--- Class-Based Way ---")
with DatabaseConnection("users.db") as conn:
    print(f"   Performing operations with {conn}")


# The clean, Pythonic way using a generator and @contextmanager
@contextlib.contextmanager
def managed_database(db_name):
    print(f"Initializing connection to {db_name}...")
    conn = f"CONNECTION_TO_{db_name}"
    try:
        print("-> Entering context: Yielding connection.")
        yield conn # The code inside the 'with' block runs here
    finally:
        # This code is guaranteed to run, just like __exit__
        print("<- Exiting context: Closing connection in 'finally'.")
        conn = None

print("\n--- @contextmanager Way ---")
with managed_database("products.db") as conn:
    print(f"   Performing operations with {conn}")

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
By: @DataScienceN ✨

#YOLOv8 #ComputerVision #ObjectDetection #Python #AI

Audience Analysis with YOLOv8: Counting People & Estimating Gender Ratios

This lesson demonstrates how to use the YOLOv8 model to perform a computer vision task: analyzing an image of a crowd to count the total number of people and estimate the ratio of men to women.

---

Step 1: Setup and Installation

First, we need to install the necessary libraries. ultralytics for the YOLOv8 model, opencv-python for image manipulation, and cvlib for a simple, pre-trained gender classification model.

#Setup #Installation

# Open your terminal or command prompt and run:
pip install ultralytics opencv-python cvlib tensorflow

---

Step 2: Loading Models and Image

We will load two models: the official YOLOv8 model pre-trained for object detection, and we'll use cvlib for gender detection. We also need to load the image we want to analyze. Make sure you have an image named crowd.jpg in the same directory.

#DataLoading #Model

import cv2
from ultralytics import YOLO
import cvlib as cv
import numpy as np

# Load the YOLOv8 model (pre-trained on COCO dataset)
model = YOLO('yolov8n.pt')

# Load the image
image_path = 'crowd.jpg' # Make sure this image exists
img = cv2.imread(image_path)

# Check if the image was loaded correctly
if img is None:
    print(f"Error: Could not load image from {image_path}")
else:
    print("Image and YOLOv8 model loaded successfully.")

---

Step 3: Person Detection with YOLOv8

Now, we'll run the YOLOv8 model on our image to detect all objects and then filter those results to keep only the ones identified as a 'person'.

#PersonDetection #Inference

# Run inference on the image
results = model(img)

# A list to store the bounding boxes of detected people
person_boxes = []

# Process the results
for result in results:
    boxes = result.boxes
    for box in boxes:
        # Get class id and check if it's a person (class 0 in COCO)
        if model.names[int(box.cls)] == 'person':
            # Get bounding box coordinates
            x1, y1, x2, y2 = map(int, box.xyxy[0])
            person_boxes.append((x1, y1, x2, y2))

# Print the total number of people found
total_people = len(person_boxes)
print(f"Total people detected: {total_people}")

---

Step 4: Gender Classification

For each detected person, we will crop their bounding box from the image. Then, we'll use cvlib to detect a face within that crop and predict the gender. This is a multi-step pipeline.

#GenderClassification #CV

# Counters for male and female
male_count = 0
female_count = 0

# A copy of the original image for drawing results
output_img = img.copy()

# Loop through each person's bounding box
for (x1, y1, x2, y2) in person_boxes:
    # Crop the person from the image
    person_crop = img[y1:y2, x1:x2]
    
    label = "Unknown"
    
    try:
        # Apply gender detection on the person crop
        # padding is used to better detect faces at the edge of the crop
        face, confidence = cv.detect_face(person_crop, threshold=0.5)
        
        # We process only if one face is detected to avoid ambiguity
        if len(face) > 0:
            # Get the first face detected
            (startX, startY, endX, endY) = face[0]
            face_crop = np.copy(person_crop[startY:endY, startX:endX])

            # Predict gender of the detected face
            (gender_label, gender_confidence) = cv.detect_gender(face_crop)
            
            if gender_confidence > 0.6: # Confidence threshold
                label = gender_label
                if label == 'male':
                    male_count += 1
                elif label == 'female':
                    female_count += 1

    except Exception as e:
        # Sometimes cvlib can fail on small or unclear crops
        label = "Error"

    # Draw bounding box and label on the output image
    color = (0, 255, 0) if label in ["male", "female"] else (0, 0, 255)
    cv2.rectangle(output_img, (x1, y1), (x2, y2), color, 2)
    cv2.putText(output_img, label, (x1, y1 - 10), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 0.5, color, 2)

print(f"Males detected: {male_count}")
print(f"Females detected: {female_count}")

---

Step 5: Displaying Final Results

Finally, we calculate the percentages and display the annotated image along with a summary of our findings.

#Results #Visualization

# Calculate percentages
known_gender_count = male_count + female_count
if known_gender_count > 0:
    male_percentage = (male_count / known_gender_count) * 100
    female_percentage = (female_count / known_gender_count) * 100
else:
    male_percentage = 0
    female_percentage = 0

# Prepare the summary text
summary_text1 = f"Total People: {total_people}"
summary_text2 = f"Men: {male_count} ({male_percentage:.1f}%)"
summary_text3 = f"Women: {female_count} ({female_percentage:.1f}%)"

# Add summary text to the image
cv2.putText(output_img, summary_text1, (10, 30), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 1, (255,255,255), 3)
cv2.putText(output_img, summary_text2, (10, 60), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 1, (255,255,255), 3)
cv2.putText(output_img, summary_text3, (10, 90), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 1, (255,255,255), 3)

# Save or display the final image
cv2.imwrite('crowd_analysis_result.jpg', output_img)
print("\n--- Analysis Complete ---")
print(summary_text1)
print(summary_text2)
print(summary_text3)
print("Result image saved as 'crowd_analysis_result.jpg'")

---

Step 6: Discussion of Results and Limitations

#Discussion #Ethics #AI

Person Detection Accuracy: YOLOv8 is highly effective at detecting people, but it can struggle with heavy occlusion (people hiding others) or very low-resolution images, potentially leading to an undercount.
Gender Classification Reliability: The secondary gender classification model (cvlib) is a simplified model. Its accuracy depends heavily on clear, front-facing views of faces. It may fail on side profiles, poor lighting, or small faces.
Ethical Considerations & Bias: Gender classification from images is an inherently problematic task. These models are trained on datasets that may contain biases and often rely on stereotypical features (e.g., hair length). The model's performance can be worse for certain ethnicities and it cannot account for non-binary gender identities. This tool should be seen as a rough estimator based on visual stereotypes, not a definitive measure of gender.
Performance: For real-time video, this multi-step process (YOLO -> crop -> face detection -> gender detection) can be slow. A more advanced approach would be to fine-tune a single object detection model on a custom dataset with 'man' and 'woman' classes for much faster and more integrated performance.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
By: @DataScienceN ✨

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