Why is
bool([]) — False, and bool([[]]) — True?Answer:
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How does authentication using a JWT token work?
Answer:
The server does not store the session state and checks only the signature and validity of the token with each request. This approach is stateless, scales well, and does not require session storage, but it complicates the early revocation of tokens without the use of additional storage.
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What is the difference between authentication using a JWT token and authentication using a session token stored in Redis?
Answer:
When using a session token in Redis, the server stores sessions and checks them with each request. This approach gives full control over sessions and allows them to be immediately disabled, but it requires server storage and additional calls to Redis.
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What are lazy calculations?
Answer:
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What is GIL in Python, why is it needed, and how can it be bypassed?
Answer:
However, due to GIL, multithreading in Python does not provide true parallelism at the CPU level: even if you create multiple threads, they will be executed sequentially, not simultaneously, which limits performance for computationally intensive tasks.
This limitation can be bypassed by using modules like multiprocessing, which launch separate processes with their own memory and their own GIL. You can also move heavy logic into native C extensions or use interpreters without GIL, such as Jython or experimental versions of PyPy.
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When to use built-in collections in Python?
In Python, the type of collection is chosen depending on the needs: list is suitable for mutable and ordered data, tuple — for immutable sets of values, and set — for storing unique elements without order and with fast membership checking presence
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What is the difference between
remove, del, and pop?Answer:
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Why are metrics needed and what are the main endpoints used for collecting them?
Answer:
To collect metrics, a separate HTTP endpoint is usually used /metrics, which provides indicators in a format understandable to monitoring systems, such as Prometheus. In addition to this, service endpoints are often used /health or /healthz to check the status of the service and /ready or /readiness to determine the application's readiness to accept traffic. These endpoints complement the metrics and are used in observability and orchestration systems.
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What is a generator function?
Answer:
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Why are
break and continue needed?Answer:
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What are CORS and CSRF?
Answer:
CSRF (Cross-Site Request Forgery) is a type of attack in which an attacker forces the user's browser to perform an unwanted request to a site on which the user is already authenticated. Protection against CSRF is usually implemented using CSRF tokens, header checks, and cookie settings.
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What are the existing authorization models and what are their differences?
Answer:
The role-based model (RBAC) is based on roles. A user is assigned roles, and each role defines a set of allowed actions. The model is simple to implement and widely used, but it is not well suited for complex and dynamic access rules.
The permission-based model operates with specific rights, not roles. A user is directly assigned permissions for actions or resources. This is a more flexible approach, but it is more difficult to manage with a large number of users and permissions.
The attribute-based model (ABAC) makes an access decision based on attributes of the user, the resource, and the context, such as time, location, or type of request. This is the most flexible model, but it is also the most difficult to implement and maintain.
Conclusion: RBAC is suitable for simple systems, permission-based - for more precise control, ABAC - for complex business rules and dynamic access policies.
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