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🔹 Title: The Era of Agentic Organization: Learning to Organize with Language Models

🔹 Publication Date: Published on Oct 30

🔹 Paper Links:
• arXiv Page: https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.26658
• PDF: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.26658

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🔹 Title: OmniLayout: Enabling Coarse-to-Fine Learning with LLMs for Universal Document Layout Generation

🔹 Publication Date: Published on Oct 30

🔹 Paper Links:
• arXiv Page: https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.26213
• PDF: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.26213

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🔹 Title: Exploring Conditions for Diffusion models in Robotic Control

🔹 Publication Date: Published on Oct 17

🔹 Paper Links:
• arXiv Page: https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.15510
• PDF: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.15510
• Project Page: https://orca-rc.github.io/
• Github: https://orca-rc.github.io/

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🔹 Title: ChartAB: A Benchmark for Chart Grounding & Dense Alignment

🔹 Publication Date: Published on Oct 30

🔹 Paper Links:
• arXiv Page: https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.26781
• PDF: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.26781
• Project Page: https://huggingface.co/datasets/umd-zhou-lab/ChartAlignBench
• Github: https://github.com/tianyi-lab/ChartAlignBench

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🔹 Title: MIRO: MultI-Reward cOnditioned pretraining improves T2I quality and efficiency

🔹 Publication Date: Published on Oct 29

🔹 Paper Links:
• arXiv Page: https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.25897
• PDF: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.25897
• Project Page: https://nicolas-dufour.github.io/miro/
• Github: https://nicolas-dufour.github.io/miro/

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🔹 Title: Surfer 2: The Next Generation of Cross-Platform Computer Use Agents

🔹 Publication Date: Published on Oct 22

🔹 Paper Links:
• arXiv Page: https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.19949
• PDF: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.19949

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🔹 Title: CLASS-IT: Conversational and Lecture-Aligned Small-Scale Instruction Tuning for BabyLMs

🔹 Publication Date: Published on Oct 29

🔹 Paper Links:
• arXiv Page: https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.25364
• PDF: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.25364

🔹 Datasets citing this paper:
• https://huggingface.co/datasets/colinglab/CLASS_IT

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🔹 Title: The End of Manual Decoding: Towards Truly End-to-End Language Models

🔹 Publication Date: Published on Oct 30

🔹 Paper Links:
• arXiv Page: https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.26697
• PDF: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.26697
• Github: https://github.com/Zacks917/AutoDeco

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🔹 Title: MedVLSynther: Synthesizing High-Quality Visual Question Answering from Medical Documents with Generator-Verifier LMMs

🔹 Publication Date: Published on Oct 29

🔹 Paper Links:
• arXiv Page: https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.25867
• PDF: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.25867
• Project Page: https://ucsc-vlaa.github.io/MedVLSynther/
• Github: https://ucsc-vlaa.github.io/MedVLSynther/

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🔹 Title: CityRiSE: Reasoning Urban Socio-Economic Status in Vision-Language Models via Reinforcement Learning

🔹 Publication Date: Published on Oct 25

🔹 Paper Links:
• arXiv Page: https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.22282
• PDF: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.22282
• Github: https://github.com/tsinghua-fib-lab/CityRiSE

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🔹 Title: PORTool: Tool-Use LLM Training with Rewarded Tree

🔹 Publication Date: Published on Oct 29

🔹 Paper Links:
• arXiv Page: https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.26020
• PDF: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.26020

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🔹 Title: L^2M^3OF: A Large Language Multimodal Model for Metal-Organic Frameworks

🔹 Publication Date: Published on Oct 23

🔹 Paper Links:
• arXiv Page: https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.20976
• PDF: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.20976

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🔹 Title: Performance Trade-offs of Optimizing Small Language Models for E-Commerce

🔹 Publication Date: Published on Oct 24

🔹 Paper Links:
• arXiv Page: https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.21970
• PDF: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.21970

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🔹 Title: POWSM: A Phonetic Open Whisper-Style Speech Foundation Model

🔹 Publication Date: Published on Oct 28

🔹 Paper Links:
• arXiv Page: https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.24992
• PDF: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.24992

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nature papers: 2000$

Q1 and  Q2 papers    1000$

Q3 and Q4 papers   500$

Doctoral thesis (complete)    700$

M.S thesis         300$

paper simulation   200$

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Top 100 Data Analyst Interview Questions & Answers

#DataAnalysis #InterviewQuestions #SQL #Python #Statistics #CaseStudy #DataScience

Part 1: SQL Questions (Q1-30)

#1. What is the difference between DELETE, TRUNCATE, and DROP?
A:
• DELETE is a DML command that removes rows from a table based on a WHERE clause. It is slower as it logs each row deletion and can be rolled back.
• TRUNCATE is a DDL command that quickly removes all rows from a table. It is faster, cannot be rolled back, and resets table identity.
• DROP is a DDL command that removes the entire table, including its structure, data, and indexes.

#2. Select all unique departments from the employees table.
A: Use the DISTINCT keyword.

SELECT DISTINCT department
FROM employees;

#3. Find the top 5 highest-paid employees.
A: Use ORDER BY and LIMIT.

SELECT name, salary
FROM employees
ORDER BY salary DESC
LIMIT 5;

#4. What is the difference between WHERE and HAVING?
A:
• WHERE is used to filter records before any groupings are made (i.e., it operates on individual rows).
• HAVING is used to filter groups after aggregations (GROUP BY) have been performed.

-- Find departments with more than 10 employees
SELECT department, COUNT(employee_id)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department
HAVING COUNT(employee_id) > 10;

#5. What are the different types of SQL joins?
A:
• (INNER) JOIN: Returns records that have matching values in both tables.
• LEFT (OUTER) JOIN: Returns all records from the left table, and the matched records from the right table.
• RIGHT (OUTER) JOIN: Returns all records from the right table, and the matched records from the left table.
• FULL (OUTER) JOIN: Returns all records when there is a match in either the left or right table.
• SELF JOIN: A regular join, but the table is joined with itself.

#6. Write a query to find the second-highest salary.
A: Use OFFSET or a subquery.

-- Method 1: Using OFFSET
SELECT salary
FROM employees
ORDER BY salary DESC
LIMIT 1 OFFSET 1;

-- Method 2: Using a Subquery
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE salary < (SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employees);

#7. Find duplicate emails in a customers table.
A: Group by the email column and use HAVING to find groups with a count greater than 1.

SELECT email, COUNT(email)
FROM customers
GROUP BY email
HAVING COUNT(email) > 1;

#8. What is a primary key vs. a foreign key?
A:
• A Primary Key is a constraint that uniquely identifies each record in a table. It must contain unique values and cannot contain NULL values.
• A Foreign Key is a key used to link two tables together. It is a field (or collection of fields) in one table that refers to the Primary Key in another table.

#9. Explain Window Functions. Give an example.
A: Window functions perform a calculation across a set of table rows that are somehow related to the current row. Unlike aggregate functions, they do not collapse rows.

-- Rank employees by salary within each department
SELECT
    name,
    department,
    salary,
    RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY department ORDER BY salary DESC) as dept_rank
FROM employees;

#10. What is a CTE (Common Table Expression)?
A: A CTE is a temporary, named result set that you can reference within a SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statement. It helps improve readability and break down complex queries.

WITH DepartmentSales AS (
    SELECT department, SUM(sale_amount) as total_sales
    FROM sales
    GROUP BY department
)
SELECT department, total_sales
FROM DepartmentSales
WHERE total_sales > 100000;

---
#11. Difference between UNION and UNION ALL?
A:
• UNION combines the result sets of two or more SELECT statements and removes duplicate rows.
• UNION ALL also combines result sets but includes all rows, including duplicates. It is faster because it doesn't check for duplicates.

#12. How would you find the total number of employees in each department?
A: Use COUNT() with GROUP BY.

SELECT department, COUNT(employee_id) as number_of_employees
FROM employees
GROUP BY department;

#13. What is the difference between RANK() and DENSE_RANK()?
A:
• RANK() assigns a rank to each row within a partition. If there are ties, it skips the next rank(s). (e.g., 1, 2, 2, 4)
• DENSE_RANK() also assigns ranks, but it does not skip any ranks in case of ties. (e.g., 1, 2, 2, 3)

#14. Write a query to get the Nth highest salary.
A: Use DENSE_RANK() in a CTE.

WITH SalaryRanks AS (
    SELECT
        salary,
        DENSE_RANK() OVER (ORDER BY salary DESC) as rnk
    FROM employees
)
SELECT salary
FROM SalaryRanks
WHERE rnk = 5; -- For the 5th highest salary

#15. What is COALESCE() used for?
A: The COALESCE() function returns the first non-NULL value in a list of expressions. It's useful for providing default values for nulls.

SELECT name, COALESCE(commission, 0) as commission
FROM employees; -- Replaces NULL commissions with 0

---
#16. How would you select all employees whose name starts with 'A'?
A: Use the LIKE operator with a wildcard (%).

SELECT name
FROM employees
WHERE name LIKE 'A%';

#17. Get the current date and time.
A: This is function-dependent on the SQL dialect.
• PostgreSQL/MySQL: NOW()
• SQL Server: GETDATE()

SELECT NOW();

#18. How can you extract the month from a date?
A: Use the EXTRACT function or MONTH().

-- Standard SQL
SELECT EXTRACT(MONTH FROM '2023-10-27');
-- MySQL
SELECT MONTH('2023-10-27');

#19. What is a subquery? What are the types?
A: A subquery is a query nested inside another query.
• Scalar Subquery: Returns a single value (one row, one column).
• Multi-row Subquery: Returns multiple rows.
• Correlated Subquery: An inner query that depends on the outer query for its values. It is evaluated once for each row processed by the outer query.

#20. Write a query to find all employees who work in the 'Sales' department.
A: Use a JOIN or a subquery.

-- Using JOIN (preferred)
SELECT e.name
FROM employees e
JOIN departments d ON e.department_id = d.id
WHERE d.name = 'Sales';

---
#21. How would you calculate the month-over-month growth rate of sales?
A: Use the LAG() window function to get the previous month's sales and then apply the growth formula.

WITH MonthlySales AS (
    SELECT
        DATE_TRUNC('month', order_date)::DATE as sales_month,
        SUM(sale_amount) as total_sales
    FROM sales
    GROUP BY 1
)
SELECT
    sales_month,
    total_sales,
    (total_sales - LAG(total_sales, 1) OVER (ORDER BY sales_month)) / LAG(total_sales, 1) OVER (ORDER BY sales_month) * 100 as growth_rate
FROM MonthlySales;

#22. What is an index in a database? Why is it useful?
A: An index is a special lookup table that the database search engine can use to speed up data retrieval. It works like an index in the back of a book. It improves the speed of SELECT queries but can slow down data modification (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE).

#23. Difference between VARCHAR and CHAR?
A:
• CHAR is a fixed-length string data type. CHAR(10) will always store 10 characters, padding with spaces if necessary.
• VARCHAR is a variable-length string data type. VARCHAR(10) can store up to 10 characters, but only uses the storage needed for the actual string.

#24. What is a CASE statement?
A: The CASE statement goes through conditions and returns a value when the first condition is met (like an if-then-else statement).

SELECT
    name,
    salary,
    CASE
        WHEN salary > 100000 THEN 'High Earner'
        WHEN salary > 50000 THEN 'Mid Earner'
        ELSE 'Low Earner'
    END as salary_category
FROM employees;

#25. Find the cumulative sum of sales over time.
A: Use a SUM() window function.

SELECT
    order_date,
    sale_amount,
    SUM(sale_amount) OVER (ORDER BY order_date) as cumulative_sales
FROM sales;

---
#26. What does GROUP_CONCAT (MySQL) or STRING_AGG (PostgreSQL) do?
A: These functions concatenate strings from a group into a single string with a specified separator.

-- PostgreSQL example
SELECT department, STRING_AGG(name, ', ') as employee_names
FROM employees
GROUP BY department;

#27. What is data normalization? Why is it important?
A: Data normalization is the process of organizing columns and tables in a relational database to minimize data redundancy. It is important because it reduces storage space, eliminates inconsistent data, and simplifies data management.

#28. Write a query to find users who made a purchase in January but not in February.
A: Use LEFT JOIN or NOT IN.

SELECT user_id
FROM sales
WHERE EXTRACT(MONTH FROM order_date) = 1
EXCEPT
SELECT user_id
FROM sales
WHERE EXTRACT(MONTH FROM order_date) = 2;

#29. What is a self-join?
A: A self-join is a join in which a table is joined to itself. This is useful for querying hierarchical data or comparing rows within the same table.

-- Find employees who have the same manager
SELECT e1.name as employee1, e2.name as employee2, e1.manager_id
FROM employees e1
JOIN employees e2 ON e1.manager_id = e2.manager_id AND e1.id <> e2.id;

#30. What is the execution order of a SQL query?
A: The logical processing order is generally:
• FROM / JOIN
• WHERE
• GROUP BY
• HAVING
• SELECT
• DISTINCT
• ORDER BY
• LIMIT / OFFSET

---
Part 2: Python (Pandas/NumPy) Questions (Q31-50)

#31. How do you select a column named 'age' from a pandas DataFrame df?
A: There are two common ways.

# Method 1 (preferred, handles column names with spaces)
age_column = df['age']

# Method 2 (dot notation)
age_column = df.age

#32. How do you filter a DataFrame df to get rows where 'age' is greater than 30?
A: Use boolean indexing.

filtered_df = df[df['age'] > 30]

#33. What's the difference between .loc and .iloc?
A:
• .loc is a label-based indexer. You use row and column names to select data.
• .iloc is an integer-position-based indexer. You use integer indices (like in Python lists) to select data.