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💡 If we are speaking of the result of a past action rather than of the action itself, We must use the present perfect tense. When somebody says, I have seen the parthenon, he or she is not thinking so much of the past act of seeing it, as of the present result of that past action.

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💡If we are speaking of an action just finished, we must use the present perfect instead of the simple past tense .for example, immediately after the clock strikes, we shouldn’t say The clock struck, but the clock has struck .

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💡Use the present perfect (had not the simple present) for an action begun in the past and continuing into the present . I’ve been at his school two years means I’m still here .