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بسم‌الله الرحمن الرحیم

ادامه درس گذشته

Other Necessary Changes

Will Changes to would:

He said, ''I will go to university.'' ( Direct Speech)

He said that he would go to university. ( Indirect Speech)

Shall Changes to should:

She said, ''I shall go to university.'' ( Direct Speech)

She said that she should go to university. ( Indirect Speech)

May Changes to might:

She said, ''I may go to park.'' ( Direct Speech)

She said that she might go to park. ( Indirect Speech)

Can Changes to could:

He said, ''I can go to park.'' ( Direct Speech)

He said that he could go to park. ( Indirect Speech)

Have to Changes to had to:

She said, '' I have to go to school.'' ( Direct Speech)

She said that she had to go school. ( Indirect Speech)

Must Changes to had to:

He said, ''I must go to park.'' ( Direct Speech)

He said that he had to go to park. ( Indirect Speech)

💸 Interrogative Sentence In Reported Speech

Yes/ No Questions In Reported Speech:

✅ Structure: Subject + Asked + Object + If + Subject + Verb

He said, ''Do you go to university.'' ( Direct Speech)

He asked me if I went to university. ( Indirect Speech)

💸 Wh- Question In Reported Speech:

✅ Structure: Subject + Asked + Object + Wh - word + Subject + Verb

He said, ''where do you live?'' ( Direct Speech)

He asked me where I lived. ( Indirect Speech)

💸 Reported Requests

''Close the window, please'' or ''Could you close the window please?'' ( Direct Speech)

''Please help me'' ( Direct Speech)

She asked me to help her. ( Indirect Speech)

''Please don't smoke'' ( Indirect Speech)

She asked me not to smoke. ( Indirect Speech)

💸Affirmative Imperative:

✅Structure: Subject + Told + Object + To + Verb

He said, ''Bring a glass of water.''
( Direct Speech)

He ordered me to bring a glass of water. ( Indirect Speech)

He said, ''come on time.'' ( Direct Speech)

He told me to come on time. ( Indirect Speech)

💸Negative Imperative:

✅ Structure: Subject + Told + Object + Not + To + Verb

She said, ''Don't speak.'' ( Direct Speech)

She told me not to speak. ( Indirect Speech)

✅ Let's + Verb:

He said, ''Let's go to university.'' ( Direct Speech)

He suggested going to university. ( Indirect Speech)

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Sentence

A group of words, that makes a complete sense is called sentence.
به گروهی از کلمات که معنی کامل را دارد جمله گفته می‌شود.

💎 Examples:

We brush the yard every day.

They will participate to your party tonight.

We went to university yesterday.

Kinds of sentences
انواع جملات

According the structure sentence is divided into four parts.

جمله مطابق به ساختار به 4 نوع است.

1.✅Simple sentence جمله ساده
2.✅Compound sentence جمله ترکیبی
3.✅Complex sentence جمله پیچیده
4.✅Compound complex sentence
جمله مرکب پیچیده
According to the meaning
مطابق با معنا
Sentence is divided into six parts.
مطابق با معنا به 6 بخش تقسیم شده است.

1.🟢Declarative sentence جمله خبری
2.🟢Imperative sentence جمله امری
3.🟢Interrogative sentence جمله پرسشی
4.🟢Exclamatory sentence جمله تعجبی
5.🟢Optative sentence جمله اختیار / دعای
6.🟢Aphoristic sentence جمله ضرب‌المثلی

1.💎 Simple sentence جمله ساده
A Simple sentence has one subject with a verb and expresses only complete thought.

یک جمله ساده داری یک فعل با یک فاعل است و فقط یک فکر کامل را بیان می‌کند.

💎 Examples:

They study English.
She is a doctor.
She calls me everyday.

💎 Compound sentence جمله مرکب
A Compound sentence contains two or more simple sentences.
یک جمله مرکب شامل دو یا چند جمله ساده.

💎 Examples:

I am sorry, but I can't study any more.
Turn the heat down, or it will burn.

💎 Complex sentence جمله پیچیده

A complex sentence contains an independent clause and one or more dependent clause.
یک جمله پیچیده شامل یک قضیه مستقل و یک یا چند قضیه وابسته است.

💎 Examples:

He is the doctor who treats the people everyday.

What they did is very important.

💎 Compound complex sentence

It contains a mixture of subordinate clauses or cor-dinate clauses.

شامل قضیه فرعی و قضیه های وصلی می‌شود.

💎 Example:

If you want, I will ring the ticket office and we will see if they have any spare seats.

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🔤Tenses Structures🔤

🎓Simple Present Tense
Subject + Verb + Complement


🎓Present Continuous Tense
Subject + To be + Verb + Ing + Complement

🎓Simple Past Tense
Subject + Verb2 + Complement

🎓Past Continuous Tense
Subject + Was / Were + Verb + Ing + Complement

🎓Present Prefect Continuous Tense
Subject + Have / Has + Verb3 + Complement

🎓Present Prefect Continuous Tense
Subject + Have / Has + Been + Verb + Ing + Complement

🎓Past Perfect Tense
Subject + Had + Verb3 + Complement

🎓Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Subject + Had + Been + Verb + Ing + Complement

🎓Simple Future Tense
Subject + Will / Shall + Main Verb + Complement

🎓The Second Structure Of Simple Future Tense
Subject + To Be + Going To + Main Verb +Complement

🎓Future Continuous Tense
Subject + Will / Shall + Be + Verb + Ing + Complement

🎓The Second Structure Of Future Continuous Tense
Subject + To Be + Going To + Verb + Ing + Complement

🎓Future Perfect Tense
Subject + Will + Have + Verb3 + Complement
🎓Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Subject + Will + Have + Been + Verb + Ing + Complement

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Be + Past Participle +Particular Preposition + An + Object

( Be) can be followed by past participle. The past participle is often like an adjective. It discribes the subject of the sentence.

Many past participles are followed by particular prepositions other than ( by).

✨Examples:

I am interested in English language.

She was disappointed with her last job.

Ahmad is pleased with the new contract.

We are excited about the TOEFL test.

✨Some of the common ( stative passive verbs + prepositions)

1. Be interested ( in)
2. Be prepared ( With)
3. Be made ( of)
4. Be tired ( of)
5. Be married ( to)
6. Be satisfied ( with)
7. Be exhuasted ( from)
8. Be engaged ( to)
9. Be done ( with)
10. Be addicted ( to)
11. Be cover ( With)
12. Be conceened ( about)
13. Be annoyed ( with)
14. Be connected ( to)
15. Be qualified ( with)

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📶Adjective of Quantity


Adjectives of quantity are mainly used to show unspecific quantity of something.

The following is the list of quantity adjectives.

🌟Any: is generally used in the negative and Interrogative kind of sentences.

🌟Some: it is generally used in the affirmative sentences.

🌟Little: means hardly any or very small quantity and generally used with the singular uncountable nouns.

🌟Abundant: means fully sufficient.

🌟Sufficient: means enough to fulfill needs.

🌟Insufficient: means not enough for needs.

🌟Much: it is used as determiner followed by the uncountable noun.

🌟Enough: it is used as both, adverbs and adjective. As an adjective, it is used before the noun.

🌟All and whole: both have same meaning however used in different ways.

🌟Examples:

🌟She has enough money to enjoy the fair.
🌟She has brilliant enough to pass her exam.

🌟Zubair had played football alone all his childhood.
🌟Zubair had played football alone for his whole childhood.

🌟I got very little water in the school.
🌟I have little interest in the sports.

🌟You don't have much milk.

🌟It is insufficient food for me.

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