The verb 'know' in its passive voice is always followed by the preposition TO instead of BY without changing its meaning.
In passive sentences other prepositions[ of,from,at,with etc] can also be used.
EXAMPLES:
shoes are made of leather.
Bread is made from flour.
He is surprised at me
He was born in Kuwait.
The room was filled with smoke
In passive sentences other prepositions[ of,from,at,with etc] can also be used.
EXAMPLES:
shoes are made of leather.
Bread is made from flour.
He is surprised at me
He was born in Kuwait.
The room was filled with smoke
☀️☀️'in case' and 'if'☀️☀️
We use 'in case' and 'if' to talk about precaution but
'in case' has the sense of something 'might' happen later.
'if' has the sense of something has already happened. How is that? Let me put these words into action.
-Give this to her in case she cries.
means Give this to her because she might cry later.
-Give this to her if she cries.
means I will wait and see if she cries, I'll give her this. If she doesn't cry,I won't give her anything.
—------------------
HOWEVER,
other times it doesn't work to use 'in case' and 'if' interchangeably.
-Take an umbrella in case it rains.✓
-I'll open an umbrella if it rains.✗
We use 'in case' and 'if' to talk about precaution but
'in case' has the sense of something 'might' happen later.
'if' has the sense of something has already happened. How is that? Let me put these words into action.
-Give this to her in case she cries.
means Give this to her because she might cry later.
-Give this to her if she cries.
means I will wait and see if she cries, I'll give her this. If she doesn't cry,I won't give her anything.
—------------------
HOWEVER,
other times it doesn't work to use 'in case' and 'if' interchangeably.
-Take an umbrella in case it rains.✓
-I'll open an umbrella if it rains.✗
Hello there,
In English, the ~ing form can be either a 'gerund' or 'present participle'
Although a gerund and a present participle are both in the -ing form, there are differences between them. A GERUND is a noun derived from the verb as in (read-reading; write- writing) AND this noun can behave as the following:
1-Noun as a subject
-Reading English is important.
2-noun as an object
-I like reading English.
3-As a complement of a sentence
-The most important thing is reading.
4-Noun as an object of preposition (as usual after preposition we add v~+ing)
- I use my glasses for reading
- He is fond of reading
- He is good at reading
5-As a complement of a prepositional phrase (phrasal verbs or prepositional verb)
- I am looking forward to reading this book.
- I am addicted to reading.
- Don't give up reading
Some Gerunds which apparently do not look to be doing the preceding functions as in:
- It's no use+ v~ing
- It is no good+ v~ing
-I can't help reading
Now, If you find a verb with -ing form in other places, it must be a 'present participle.'
In English, the ~ing form can be either a 'gerund' or 'present participle'
Although a gerund and a present participle are both in the -ing form, there are differences between them. A GERUND is a noun derived from the verb as in (read-reading; write- writing) AND this noun can behave as the following:
1-Noun as a subject
-Reading English is important.
2-noun as an object
-I like reading English.
3-As a complement of a sentence
-The most important thing is reading.
4-Noun as an object of preposition (as usual after preposition we add v~+ing)
- I use my glasses for reading
- He is fond of reading
- He is good at reading
5-As a complement of a prepositional phrase (phrasal verbs or prepositional verb)
- I am looking forward to reading this book.
- I am addicted to reading.
- Don't give up reading
Some Gerunds which apparently do not look to be doing the preceding functions as in:
- It's no use+ v~ing
- It is no good+ v~ing
-I can't help reading
Now, If you find a verb with -ing form in other places, it must be a 'present participle.'
In short, What is the 'present participle.'? The present participle has the following functions:
(a) as a main verb form in ALL continuous tenses.
-I am reading a book.
-I have been reading a book for hours.
-I was reading a book.
-I had been reading a book yesterday. Since morning
-I shall be reading a book. Future continuous.
-I shall have been reading this book tomorrow for an hour.
(b) as an Adjective
- That's an amazing book.
(c) as an Adverb (sometimes introductory adverbial sentences or dangling participles or hanging modifiers or participles) a dangling participle comes at the beginning of a sentence and it can be used instead of a phrase starting "as, since, because," and it explains the cause or reason for an action:
- Feeling hungry, he went into the kitchen and opened the fridge.
=(Because he felt hungry)
- Walking in the grass, I was bitten by a snake
(d) as a Preposition.
Words such as 'regarding, concerning, excepting' that function as prepositions
- He does not read any book excepting English grammar.
- I know almost nothing regarding his character.
(e) as a Conjunction(rarely)
Considering that it was snowing, I gave up my idea of outing.
You can also find it in the pattern :
verb + object + present participle
I saw him playing football.
expressions with go:
to go shopping
to go fishing
to go walking
to go swimming
to go running
etc...
One more last thing I might add, a Present participle sometimes acts like ' a relative clause'
Who is the boy sitting next to you?
Who is the boy (that sits) next to you ?
(defining relative clause)
Written By: EnglishTipsandTools
(a) as a main verb form in ALL continuous tenses.
-I am reading a book.
-I have been reading a book for hours.
-I was reading a book.
-I had been reading a book yesterday. Since morning
-I shall be reading a book. Future continuous.
-I shall have been reading this book tomorrow for an hour.
(b) as an Adjective
- That's an amazing book.
(c) as an Adverb (sometimes introductory adverbial sentences or dangling participles or hanging modifiers or participles) a dangling participle comes at the beginning of a sentence and it can be used instead of a phrase starting "as, since, because," and it explains the cause or reason for an action:
- Feeling hungry, he went into the kitchen and opened the fridge.
=(Because he felt hungry)
- Walking in the grass, I was bitten by a snake
(d) as a Preposition.
Words such as 'regarding, concerning, excepting' that function as prepositions
- He does not read any book excepting English grammar.
- I know almost nothing regarding his character.
(e) as a Conjunction(rarely)
Considering that it was snowing, I gave up my idea of outing.
You can also find it in the pattern :
verb + object + present participle
I saw him playing football.
expressions with go:
to go shopping
to go fishing
to go walking
to go swimming
to go running
etc...
One more last thing I might add, a Present participle sometimes acts like ' a relative clause'
Who is the boy sitting next to you?
Who is the boy (that sits) next to you ?
(defining relative clause)
Written By: EnglishTipsandTools
Now, this will make you enter into an absolute nightmare world of no return..
Sometimes, I mean in some of the rare ones, it is hard to say!
it is a matter of interpretation whether an -ing form is a gerund or a present participle:
-Hunting tigers can be dangerous.
Hunting as a present participle functions as an adjective and describes tigers. The sentence means:
=Tigers that hunt can be dangerous.
If hunting is a gerund, 'tigers' is its object and the sentence means:
=To hunt tigers can be dangerous.
=It can be dangerous to hunt tigers.
Sometimes, I mean in some of the rare ones, it is hard to say!
it is a matter of interpretation whether an -ing form is a gerund or a present participle:
-Hunting tigers can be dangerous.
Hunting as a present participle functions as an adjective and describes tigers. The sentence means:
=Tigers that hunt can be dangerous.
If hunting is a gerund, 'tigers' is its object and the sentence means:
=To hunt tigers can be dangerous.
=It can be dangerous to hunt tigers.
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