✅ Threat modeling, risk management, incident response

Why this matters
• Attacks are inevitable
• Preparation decides damage
• Professionals think before tools

Threat Modeling
• Identifying what can go wrong
• Understanding attacker paths
• Protecting what matters most

Key questions:
• What are we protecting
• Who can attack
• How can they attack
• What happens if they succeed

Common methods:
• STRIDE model
– Spoofing
– Tampering
– Repudiation
– Information disclosure
– Denial of service
– Elevation of privilege
• Assets to protect:
– User data
– Credentials
– Servers
– APIs
– Source code

Risk Management
Risk formula: Risk = Threat × Vulnerability × Impact
Risk types:
• Low: Minor impact
• Medium: Business disruption
• High: Legal or financial damage

Risk treatment options:
• Mitigate: Fix vulnerability
• Accept: Low impact risk
• Transfer: Insurance
• Avoid: Remove feature

Security controls:
• Preventive: Firewalls, MFA
• Detective: Logs, alerts
• Corrective: Patches, backups

Incident Response
• Data breach
• Malware infection
• Unauthorized access
• Service outage

Lifecycle:
• Preparation
• Identification
• Containment
• Eradication
• Recovery
• Lessons learned

Real example flow:
• Alert triggers
• Logs analyzed
• Infected system isolated
• Malware removed
• Passwords reset

Why documentation matters:
• Legal compliance
• Audit readiness
• Future prevention

Frameworks
• NIST
• ISO 27001

Beginner mistakes
• No incident plan
• Ignoring alerts
• Fixing without root cause

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1.Core:
• git init
• git clone
• git add
• git commit
• git status
• git diff
• git checkout
• git reset
• git log
• git show
• git tag
• git push
• git pull

2.Branching:
• git branch
• git checkout -b
• git merge
• git rebase
• git branch --set-upstream-to
• git branch --unset-upstream
• git cherry-pick

3.Merging:
• git merge
• git rebase

4.Stashing:
• git stash
• git stash pop
• git stash list
• git stash apply
• git stash drop

5.Remotes:
• git remote
• git remote add
• git remote remove
• git fetch
• git pull
• git push
• git clone --mirror

6.Configuration:
• git config
• git global config
• git reset config

7. Plumbing:
• git cat-file
• git checkout-index
• git commit-tree
• git diff-tree
• git for-each-ref
• git hash-object
• git ls-files
• git ls-remote
• git merge-tree
• git read-tree
• git rev-parse
• git show-branch
• git show-ref
• git symbolic-ref
• git tag --list
• git update-ref

8.Porcelain:
• git blame
• git bisect
• git checkout
• git commit
• git diff
• git fetch
• git grep
• git log
• git merge
• git push
• git rebase
• git reset
• git show
• git tag

9.Alias:
• git config --global alias.<alias> <command>

10.Hook:
• git config --local core.hooksPath <path>

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✅ Cyber laws, compliance, and regulations you must know.

Why laws matter in cybersecurity
- One mistake can mean heavy fines
- Security is also legal responsibility
- Professionals must know boundaries

What compliance means
- Following legal and industry rules
- Protecting user and business data
- Proving security controls exist

Major global regulations
- GDPR
- Applies to EU citizen data
- Requires user consent
- Right to access and delete data
- Fine up to 4 percent global revenue
- HIPAA
- Protects healthcare data
- Applies to hospitals and insurers
- Requires strict access controls
- ISO 27001
- Information Security Management System
- Risk based security approach
- Certification boosts trust
- Other important regulations
- PCI DSS. Card payment security
- SOX. Financial data integrity
- IT Act 2000. India cyber law

Key compliance concepts
- Data privacy
- Collect only needed data
- Store securely
- Delete when no longer required
- Access control
- Least privilege principle
- Role based access
- Logging and audits
- Track user actions
- Detect misuse
- Mandatory for compliance
- Incident reporting
- Breaches must be reported
- Time bound notifications
- Legal penalties for hiding

Real compliance failure example
- Unreported breach
- Delayed disclosure
- Millions in fines

Cyber law basics you must know
- Unauthorized access is illegal
- Scanning without permission is crime
- Data misuse has legal impact

Beginner mistakes
- Ignoring compliance early
- Testing real systems without approval
- No documentation

What you should do next
- Read one regulation fully
- Map controls to requirements
- Practice audit style questions

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✅ CTF platforms, hands-on labs, and how to practice like a pro.

Why CTFs are critical
- Theory doesn’t make you job-ready
- Real skills come from breaking systems
- Recruiters trust hands-on proof

What CTF means
- Capture The Flag
- Solve security challenges
- Each flag = vulnerability exploited

What skills CTFs build
- Recon and enumeration
- Exploitation thinking
- Privilege escalation
- Log analysis
- Report writing

Top platforms you must use
- TryHackMe: Beginner friendly, guided learning paths, networking, Linux, web, SOC
- Hack The Box: Realistic machines, minimal hints, industry-level difficulty
- OverTheWire: Linux and privilege escalation, terminal focused, strong fundamentals
- VulnHub: Downloadable VMs, practice offline, full attack chains

Types of CTF challenges
- Web: SQLi, XSS, file upload, auth bypass
- Network: Packet analysis, sniffing, spoofing
- Forensics: Log analysis, image and memory dumps
- Crypto: Weak encryption, broken hashes
- Reverse engineering: Crack binaries, analyze malware

Professional practice approach
- Step 1: Read problem slowly, understand goal
- Step 2: Enumerate everything, never guess early
- Step 3: Exploit carefully, take notes
- Step 4: Write what you learned, this becomes portfolio content

Beginner mistakes
- Watching walkthroughs first
- Skipping failed attempts
- Not documenting solutions

How to build a portfolio from CTFs
- Screenshots of labs
- Clear attack flow
- Vulnerability explanation
- Fix and mitigation

Daily practice routine
- 1 lab per day
- 30–60 minutes
- One write-up per challenge

What you should do next
- Start TryHackMe beginner path
- Complete 10 machines
- Write 3 detailed reports

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🔥 A-Z Frontend Development Road Map 🎨🧠

1. HTML (HyperText Markup Language)
• Structure layout
• Semantic tags
• Forms validation
• Accessibility (a11y) basics

2. CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)
• Selectors specificity
• Box model
• Positioning
• Flexbox Grid
• Media queries
• Animations transitions

3. JavaScript (JS)
• Variables, data types
• Functions scope
• Arrays, objects, loops
• DOM manipulation
• Events listeners
• ES6+ features (arrow functions, destructuring, spread/rest)

4. Responsive Design
• Mobile-first approach
• Viewport units
• CSS Grid/Flexbox
• Breakpoints media queries

5. Version Control (Git GitHub)
• git init, add, commit
• Branching merging
• GitHub repositories
• Pull requests collaboration

6. CSS Architecture
• BEM methodology
• Utility-first CSS
• SCSS/SASS basics
• CSS variables

7. CSS Frameworks Preprocessors
• Tailwind CSS
• Bootstrap
• Material UI
• SCSS/SASS

8. JavaScript Frameworks Libraries
• React (core focus)
• Vue.js (optional)
• jQuery (legacy understanding)

9. React Fundamentals
• JSX
• Components
• Props state
• useState, useEffect
• Conditional rendering
• Lists keys

10. Advanced React
• useContext, useReducer
• Custom hooks
• React Router
• Form handling
• Redux / Zustand / Recoil
• Performance optimization

11. API Integration
• Fetch API / Axios
• RESTful APIs
• Async/await Promises
• Error handling

12. Testing Debugging
• Chrome DevTools
• React Testing Library
• Jest basics
• Debugging techniques

13. Build Tools Package Managers
• npm / yarn
• Webpack
• Vite
• Babel

14. Component Libraries Design Systems
• Chakra UI
• Ant Design
• Storybook

15. UI/UX Design Principles
• Color theory
• Typography
• Spacing alignment
• Figma to code

16. Accessibility (a11y)
• ARIA roles
• Keyboard navigation
• Semantic HTML
• Screen reader testing

17. Performance Optimization
• Lazy loading
• Code splitting
• Image optimization
• Lighthouse audits

18. Deployment
• GitHub Pages
• Netlify
• Vercel

19. Soft Skills for Frontend Devs
• Communication with designers
• Code reviews
• Writing clean, maintainable code
• Time management

20. Projects to Build
• Responsive portfolio
• Weather app
• Quiz app
• Image gallery
• Blog UI
• E-commerce product page
• Dashboard with charts

21. Interview Prep
• JavaScript React questions
• CSS challenges
• DOM event handling
• Project walkthroughs

🚀 Top Resources to Learn Frontend Development
• Frontend Masters
• MDN Web Docs
• JavaScript.info
• Scrimba
• [Net Ninja – YouTube]
• [Traversy Media – YouTube]
• [CodeWithHarry – YouTube]

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✅ Building a cybersecurity portfolio interview preparation roadmap

Why portfolio matters
• Certifications show knowledge
• Portfolio proves skill
• Recruiters trust practical proof

What recruiters look for
• Hands-on labs
• Real vulnerability reports
• Clear technical explanation
• Problem-solving approach

How to build a strong cybersecurity portfolio
CTF write-ups
• Explain challenge objective
• Show attack steps
• Include screenshots
• Explain prevention methods

Lab projects
• Vulnerability assessment report
• Web application testing report
• Network security audit
• Incident response simulation

GitHub portfolio structure
• Recon reports
• Exploitation walkthroughs
• Security noscripts
• Tool automation projects

Blog or documentation
• Publish learning notes
• Explain attack and defense
• Builds personal brand

Beginner portfolio project ideas
• Vulnerability scan report
• Secure login implementation
• Password cracking lab analysis
• Phishing awareness simulation
• Network traffic analysis report

Certifications that help beginners
CompTIA Security+
• Industry entry-level certification
• Covers networking and threats

EC-Council CEH
• Ethical hacking certification
• Tool and attack coverage

Interview preparation roadmap
Technical rounds focus on
• Networking fundamentals
• OS and Linux commands
• OWASP vulnerabilities
• Attack lifecycle
• Security tools usage

Common interview questions
• Explain SQL injection with prevention
• Difference between hashing and encryption
• How does TLS handshake work
• Steps in incident response
• Explain Nmap scanning types

HR round preparation
• Why cybersecurity
• Real incident you solved
• Ethical hacking responsibility
• Handling pressure and deadlines

Final 5 step preparation plan
Step:1
• Complete 2 CTF challenges
• Write detailed reports

Step:2
• Revise networking and OS basics
• Practice command line tools

Step:3
• Revise OWASP vulnerabilities
• Practice Burp Suite labs

Step:4
• Mock interview practice
• Revise encryption and hashing

Step:5
• Update resume and portfolio
• Apply for internships and roles

Beginner mistakes
• Only collecting certificates
• No practical proof
• Copying others’ write-ups
• Ignoring documentation

What you should do next
• Create GitHub security portfolio
• Publish at least 5 lab reports
• Practice interview questions daily

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Top 50 SQL Interview Questions (2025)

1. What is SQL?
2. Differentiate between SQL and NoSQL databases.
3. What are the different types of SQL commands?
4. Explain the difference between WHERE and HAVING clauses.
5. Write a SQL query to find the second highest salary in a table.
6. What is a JOIN? Explain different types of JOINs.
7. How do you optimize slow-performing SQL queries?
8. What is a primary key? What is a foreign key?
9. What are indexes? Explain clustered and non-clustered indexes.
10. Write a SQL query to fetch the top 5 records from a table.
11. What is a subquery? Give an example.
12. Explain the concept of normalization.
13. What is denormalization? When is it used?
14. Describe transactions and their properties (ACID).
15. What is a stored procedure?
16. How do you handle NULL values in SQL?
17. Explain the difference between UNION and UNION ALL.
18. What are views? How are they useful?
19. What is a trigger? Give use cases.
20. How do you perform aggregate functions in SQL?
21. What is data partitioning?
22. How do you find duplicates in a table?
23. What is the difference between DELETE and TRUNCATE?
24. Explain window functions with examples.
25. What is the difference between correlated and non-correlated subqueries?
26. How do you enforce data integrity?
27. What are CTEs (Common Table Expressions)?
28. Explain EXISTS and NOT EXISTS operators.
29. How do SQL constraints work?
30. What is an execution plan? How do you use it?
31. Describe how to handle errors in SQL.
32. What are temporary tables?
33. Explain the difference between CHAR and VARCHAR.
34. How do you perform pagination in SQL?
35. What is a composite key?
36. How do you convert data types in SQL?
37. Explain locking and isolation levels in SQL.
38. How do you write recursive queries?
39. What are the advantages of using prepared statements?
40. How to debug SQL queries?
41. Differentiate between OLTP and OLAP databases.
42. What is schema in SQL?
43. How do you implement many-to-many relationships in SQL?
44. What is query optimization?
45. How do you handle large datasets in SQL?
46. Explain the difference between CROSS JOIN and INNER JOIN.
47. What is a materialized view?
48. How do you backup and restore a database?
49. Explain how indexing can degrade performance.
50. Can you write a query to find employees with no managers?

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