Is life possible—or has it ever been possible—on other planets? The (Origin of) Life Marker Chip (LMCOOL) seeks the answer. This innovative chip is being developed by a Dutch consortium led by TU Delft. UT researcher Jurriaan Huskens and his team are going to make the optical sensor selective for the required biomarkers.

A Dutch-built instrument capable of detecting traces of life on Saturn's moon Enceladus—that is the ultimate dream of TU Delft researcher Niels Ligterink. Over the coming years, he will work with around thirty colleagues from various Dutch companies and knowledge institutes on the (Origin of) Life Marker Chip (LMCOOL).
The invention is best described as a tiny yet complete laboratory in the form of a computer chip. It is "pre-programmed" to identify specific molecules in liquids; molecules that could point to life, such as amino acids.

"You can best compare our chip to a keyhole, with the molecule we are searching for as the key," explains Ligterink, "Because only one key fits in the keyhole, we can be almost 100% certain that we have captured the molecule we are looking for when we detect something with our chip. This makes our lab-on-a-chip revolutionary."

UT researcher Huskens adds, "An important step forward is that we are going to selectively recognize a mirror image of an amino acid. After all, living organisms make only one of the mirror images, and so this recognition is essential to determine whether the amino acid comes from a life process or not."

A lighter way to search for life
The idea for the Life Marker Chip (LMC) was first proposed more than twenty years ago for ESA's ExoMars mission. Although ESA eventually selected other instruments for that mission, the consortium partners remained enthusiastic about the concept. With financial support from the NSO Instruments Program, the instrument is now being further developed so that it can be used on a range of future planetary missions.

One of the greatest advantages of the new LMCOOL is its compact size and low weight. Current life-detection instruments on Mars are the size of a microwave oven and weigh between ten and twenty kilos. By contrast, LMCOOL will be about the size of a soft drink can and weighs only 700 grams. In space exploration, where every kilogram of launch mass matters, the Dutch chip offers a lightweight yet high-performance alternative.

The new find was possibly 23 feet (7 meters) long and hailed from a mysterious group of dinosaurs called megaraptorans. They prowled across what's now South America, Australia and parts of Asia, splitting off into different species over millions of years.

Megaraptorans were known for their stretched-out skulls and "huge and very powerful claws," said Lucio Ibiricu with the Patagonian Institute of Geology and Paleontology, who was part of the discovery team.

But it's not yet clear how these creatures hunted and where they fall on the evolutionary timeline—mainly because the fossils recovered so far were incomplete.

In a new study, researchers said they uncovered part of a skull as well as arm, leg and tail bones from the Lago Colhué Huapi rock formation in Patagonia. They noticed unique features in the bones that made them realize this could be a new species.

This latest member of the megaraptoran clan named Joaquinraptor casali "fills a major gap by providing one of the most complete skeletons yet," Federico Agnolin with the Argentine Museum of Natural Science Bernardino Rivadavia said in an email.

Our vision for the future of space transportation.
Transportation hubs in orbit around our planet will act as airports and train stations on Earth, offering refilling and maintenance services for spacecraft en route to other destinations and platforms.

The human brain is a hefty thing. Weighing well over a kilo, its an electrified lump that’s been compared by neuroscientists to the texture of silken tofu, and yet within its innumerous connections is coded everything that we are. 

That wasn’t always the case, however. In fact, among the earliest lifeforms, eyes actually evolved before the brain. It makes you wonder: How exactly did we get to the human brain? And why are we so much more cognitively advanced than other mammals?

I wanted to find out, and with his latest series Secrets of the Brain set to air on BBC Two on September 29, Professor Jim Al-Khalili was an obvious person to ask. His mission? To dive into the history of the brain, and the pivotal changes that led to humans and our close relatives becoming so advanced at things like problem-solving and socializing.

Survival of the brainiest
The search for those answers led to Prof Al-Khalili, highly respected science communicator that he is, hanging from a tree in a less-than-comfy harness for several hours. It might not have been the most relaxing way to demonstrate how hard the primate brain had to work to be able to forage in the treetops while keeping an eye out for predators, but it's a good reminder of what a lot of our intelligence is attributable to: struggle.

“Like a lot of people, I assumed the human brain evolved because we're smart and it’s doing all this data processing and analysing because we develop language, and because we have opposable thumbs,” Al-Khalili told IFLScience. “What I hadn't appreciated was that this evolution, it's a story that is continuous.”

Our ancestors had to cope with challenges, to survive, to find food, and that required more brain power.
- Professor Jim Al-Khalili

“It wasn’t that animals were stupid and then humans turned up and became very smart. There were all these steps along the way, and a lot of them are just completely fortuitous.”

“You have mass extinctions, and then the organisms, the creatures, the animals that are left behind, they have to cope. Our ancestors had to cope with challenges, to survive, to find food, and that required more brain power.”

“So, the brain is growing because these creatures need to be able to adapt to their environments, and because this is evolution, those that brains don't grow, don't survive. It's only the smart ones that survived, but they developed their smartness because they needed to, it wasn’t that they survived because they were already smart.”

#PPOD: Frosty Martian Dunes ❄️

These Martian dunes in Mars' northern hemisphere were captured from above by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter using its High-Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) camera on Sept. 8, 2022. Scientists use such images to track the amount of frost that settles on the landforms and then disappears as the weather warms in spring.

Martian dunes migrate just like dunes on Earth, with wind blowing away sand on one side of the dune and building up on another. Recent research has shown that winter frost stops the movement of sand grains, locking the dunes in place until the spring thaw.

Credit: NASA NASAJPL Caltech UArizona

A bane of farmers' existence, it's estimated that plant-eating pests are responsible for the loss of up to 40% of pre-harvest yields globally. But a new generation of crop treatments that target only "bad" bugs could mean big gains for the Canadian agriculture sector, improving pest management tools in an industry that in 2024 generated over $142 billion.

Dr. Justin Pahara and his team at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada's (AAFC) Lethbridge Research and Development Center are designing new screening methods to learn whether current crop treatments are effective. Their end goal, however, is to develop a method for using nanotechnology to deliver specific chemicals into pests based on their unique DNA—without harming helpful insects.

For example, through methods developed and tested at the Canadian Light Source (CLS) at the University of Saskatchewan, the researchers found that lygus bugs contain regions of enriched minerals pointing to certain proteins that could one day be targeted with tailored agents to prevent them from eating crops. The lygus bug is a common agriculture pest that feeds on many crops, including canola. Pahara and his team's innovative methods are published in the Canadian Journal of Chemistry.

"We all need food, and if farmers cannot grow their products efficiently and make a living out of it, it's a problem," says Pahara. "We need new tools for pest management. Insects are becoming more tolerant to chemicals in the same way antibiotic resistance works in humans."
Developing targeted pest treatments would also make "carpet bombing" insects with harmful pesticides a thing of the past.

After multiple delays, the first crewed Artemis flight around the moon could be less than 20 weeks away, NASA officials said Tuesday, putting the space program one step closer to returning to the moon itself in its "second space race" with China.

The Artemis II mission, which would be the first crewed spaceflight to exit low-Earth orbit since Apollo 17 in 1972, had already been pushed back several times after its original launch target of 2024, with the most recent delay aiming for "no later than" April 2026. But with pieces falling into place, it could launch as early as Feb. 5, NASA officials said during a mission update from Johnson Space Center in Houston.

"We want to emphasize that safety is our top priority, and so as we work through these operational preparations, as we finish stacking the rocket, we're continuing to assess to make sure that we do things in a safe way," said Lakiesha Hawkins, acting deputy associate administrator for NASA's Exploration Systems Development Mission Directorate.

Monthly launch windows, which take into account the required proximity of the Earth and moon, would last four to eight days. Most of the February launch window attempts would be in the evening.

"As we get closer, we'll be able to more clearly communicate what those periods could be," Hawkins said.
Artemis II is planned to be a 10-day flight to take NASA astronauts Reid Wiseman, Victor Glover and Christina Koch as well as Canadian Space Agency astronaut Jeremy Hansen on a trip out past the moon, but without landing.

"Let me emphasize that this is a test flight, and so the activities that we do together, we are going to learn from them," Hawkins said. "While Artemis I was a great success, there are new systems and new capabilities that we will be demonstrating on Artemis II, including the life support systems, the display capabilities, software, etc."

It's a test mission that would set up Artemis III, currently on NASA's schedule for summer 2027, to return humans to the lunar surface for the first time since the end of the Apollo program.

Artemis I flew in late 2022, sending an uncrewed Orion spacecraft launching atop the first flight of the Space Launch System rocket from Kennedy Space Center.
But damage to Orion's heat shield was among the reasons mission managers pushed back the follow-up flight, resulting in no Artemis flights going on during the three years since the first launch.
NASA and Lockheed Martin worked to understand the damage, but decided to stick with the existing heat shield for Artemis II. They instead adjusted the planned reentry path to avoid what teams determined was the cause of the damage.

"I have the utmost in confidence in the engineering expertise that went into the testing and the flight rationale that we are going to be able to bring the Artemis II flight crew home safely at the end of the mission," said NASA's Rick Henfling, the lead Artemis II entry flight director.

The cultivation of rice—the staple grain for more than 3.5 billion people around the world—comes with extremely high environmental, climate and economic costs.

This may be about to change, thanks to new research led by scientists at the University of Massachusetts Amherst and China's Jiangnan University. They have shown that nanoscale applications of the element selenium can decrease the amount of fertilizer necessary for rice cultivation while sustaining yields, boosting nutrition, enhancing the soil's microbial diversity and cutting greenhouse gas emissions.

In a new paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, they demonstrate for the first time that such nanoscale applications work in real-world conditions.

"The Green Revolution massively boosted agriculture output during the middle of the last century," says Baoshan Xing, University Distinguished Professor of Environmental and Soil Chemistry, director of UMass's Stockbridge School of Agriculture, and co-senior author of the new research. "But that revolution is running out of steam. We need to figure out a way to fix it and make it work."

Part of what made the Green Revolution so revolutionary was the invention of synthetic, nitrogen-heavy fertilizers that could keep agricultural yields high. But they're expensive to make, they create an enormous amount of carbon dioxide, and much of the fertilizer washes away.

Most crops only use about 40–60% of the nitrogen applied to them, a measurement known as nitrogen use efficiency, or NUE, and the NUE of rice can be as low as 30%—which means that 70% of what a farmer puts on their fields washes away into streams, lakes and the oceans, causing eutrophication, dead zones and a host of other environmental problems. It also means that 70% of the cost of the fertilizer is likewise wasted.

Furthermore, when nitrogen is applied to soils, it interacts with the soil's incredibly complex chemistry and microbes, and ultimately leads to vastly increased amounts of methane, ammonia and nitrous oxide—all of which contribute to global warming. Furthermore, synthesizing fertilizer itself is a greenhouse-gas-heavy enterprise.

Nat Geo photographer Babak Tafreshi (BabakTafreshi) and NASA astronaut Don Pettit (astro Pettit) are photographing the same places from radically different POVs—the ground and the International Space Station—creating a new way of seeing the world: on.natgeo.com/4pFm8zQ

The research published in Nature Plants by a global team of tropical forest scientists shows that the average size of trees in Amazon forests has increased over recent decades. The team of almost a hundred researchers monitored the size of trees in 188 permanent plots and discovered that the increase has continued for at least 30 years.

The study is the result of an international partnership of more than 60 universities in South America, the UK and beyond—including the Universities of Birmingham, Bristol, and Leeds.

Co-author of the study, Professor Beatriz Marimon, from Universidade do Mato Grosso, who coordinated much of the Brazilian data collection in southern Amazonia, commented, "This is a good news story. We regularly hear how climate change and fragmentation is threatening Amazonian forests. But meanwhile, the trees in intact forests have grown bigger; even the largest trees have continued to thrive despite these threats."

The study found that both large and smaller trees have increased in size, consistent with benefiting from fertilization by increased atmospheric carbon dioxide.

Microplastics are now so ubiquitous we're drinking, eating, and inhaling them. As a result, they're showing up in our poop, placentas, reproductive organs, and brains.

Now these fossil-fuel-derived particles, less than 5 mm in size, have been found deep within our bones.

A new review of 62 studies suggests microplastics and smaller nanoplastics are impacting our skeletal health in multiple ways.

"A significant body of research suggests that microplastics can reach deep into bone tissue, such as bone marrow, and potentially cause disturbances in its metabolism," says medical scientist Rodrigo Bueno de Oliveira at the State University of Campinas in Brazil.

Some of the studies in humans found these plastic leftovers accumulating in bone tissues via the blood, following ingestion. There, animal studies show they can reduce bone growth.

What's more, disruptions in osteoclasts – cells that support bone growth and repair – can lead to weakened bone structures, making these compromised bones more susceptible to deformities and fractures.

"In vitro studies with bone tissue cells have shown that microplastics impair cell viability, accelerate cell aging, and alter cell differentiation, in addition to promoting inflammation," explains Bueno de Oliveira.

"The adverse effects observed culminated, worryingly, in the interruption of the animals' skeletal growth."

Are we alone in the universe? Help us figure that out!

Join this citizen science effort and help UCLA SETI to train AI tools to separate Earth-based interference from possible technosignatures across the Milky Way. Learn more: zooniverse.org/projects/ucla-…

Advances in AI technology have ushered in a new era of digital romance, where people are forming intimate emotional connections with chatbots. For many, these AI companions are a crucial lifeline, helping to combat feelings of loneliness. Yet, despite a rapidly evolving social trend that has attracted widespread interest, it has been largely understudied by researchers.

A new analysis of the popular Reddit community, r/MyBoyfriendIsAI, is addressing the gap by providing the first in-depth insights into how intimate human–AI relationships begin, evolve and affect users.

Researchers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) studied 1,506 of the most popular posts from this Reddit community, which has more than 27,000 members. First, they used AI tools to read all the conversations and sorted them into six main themes, such as coping with loss. Then they used custom-built AI classifiers to review the posts again and measure specific details within them.

This allowed the MIT team to put numbers on the experiences and count exactly how many users reported key outcomes (reduced loneliness, risk of emotional dependency) to show the overall impact of these digital relationships.

Benefits and risks
In their paper posted on the preprint server arXiv, the researchers reveal that these intimate relationships often start by accident. Most users did not join a chatbot app in search of love. Instead, it grew unintentionally out of simply using the technology for practical reasons. A little more than one-quarter of users (25.4%) reported clear benefits, including reduced loneliness and improvements in their mental health. Meanwhile, only 3% felt that their AI relationship had caused them more harm than good.

The study also identified some risks. Almost 10% of users reported being emotionally dependent on their digital partner, and 4.6% struggled to distinguish between AI and real life. Some users also treat their chatbot companions as significant others by engaging in real-world rituals, such as purchasing wedding rings. Avoidance of real relationships was a concern for 4.3% of users.

Ultimately, the researchers hope that their work will lead to a change in how society views these new relationships. As they write in their paper:

"Our findings demand nuanced, nonjudgmental frameworks that move beyond assumptions that benefits and harms of human-AI interaction depend primarily on the technology alone, protecting vulnerable users while respecting their autonomy to form meaningful connections in ways that align with their individual needs and circumstances."

The MIT team argues that protecting vulnerable users and respecting their right to find meaning must be the guiding principles for the next era of digital relationships.

Until recently, it was thought that Homo sapiens and Neanderthals split off from their last common ancestor around 600,000 years ago, but a prehistoric skull from China has just shattered that narrative. Dated to a million years ago, the cranium belongs to an extinct human clade which encompasses the Denisovans, indicating that we had already branched off from our sister lineage prior to this point.

Discovered in Hubei Province in 1990, the so-called Yunxian 2 skull has been at the center of a taxonomic confusion for the past 35 years, largely because the specimen is badly crushed and therefore difficult to study. Due to its age and the shape of its braincase, though, some scholars had assumed that the cranium belonged to Homo erectus.

However, using CT scanning and digital reconstruction techniques, the authors of a new study have managed to correct the skull’s distortions and build a complete model of the specimen. In doing so, they revealed that Yunxian 2 possesses a mosaic of features, some of which are typical of more primitive hominins like H. erectus while others are more aligned with Homo sapiens.

Cross-referencing more than 500 of these morphological traits against 104 other human fossils, the researchers determined that Yunxian 2 belongs to the Homo longi clade, which includes a 145,000-year-old skull that was recently identified as a Denisovan. However, Yunxian 2 itself is not a Denisovan, but probably sits near the base of the lineage that gave rise to this enigmatic species. 

What’s more, while Denisovans and Neanderthals were previously thought to be sister lineages, the team’s analysis indicates that the Homo longi clade is in fact the sister group to the Homo sapiens clade.

“We really have to say we don't know where the common ancestor lived.”
— Professor Chris Stringer

“Because [Yunxian 2] is about a million years old, by definition, the Homo longi clade must be about a million years old at minimum,” said study author Professor Chris Stringer to IFLScience. “And that, in turn, implies that if sapiens and Neanderthals had already branched off, then their groups must be equally or even older in their origin.”

In other words, the Homo sapiens group must have emerged more than a million years ago, which is around 400,000 years earlier than certain genomic models suggest. Overall, the researchers estimate that our clade originated about 1.02 million years ago, while the Homo longi group dates back to 1.2 million years ago.