A rock on Mars spilled a surprising yellow treasure after Curiosity accidentally cracked through its unremarkable exterior.

When the rover rolled its 899-kilogram (1,982-pound) body over the fragile lump of mineral in May of last year, the deposit broke open, revealing yellow crystals of elemental sulfur, known as brimstone.

Although sulfates are fairly common on Mars, this represented the first sulfur in its pure elemental form found on the red planet.

What's even more exciting is that the Gediz Vallis Channel, where Curiosity found the rock, is littered with objects that look suspiciously similar to the sulfur rock before it got fortuitously crushed – suggesting that, somehow, elemental sulfur may be abundant there in some places.

A low-dose blend of zinc, serine, and branched-chain amino acids dramatically improved brain signaling and social behavior across three different mouse models of autism.

Even brief treatment sparked real-time changes in neural connectivity, making this nutrient cocktail an intriguing path for future exploration.

Low-Dose Nutrient Blend Shows Potential in Autism Mouse Models
Researchers led by Tzyy-Nan Huang and Ming-Hui Lin at Academia Sinica in Taiwan have found that a small-dose combination of zinc, serine, and branched-chain amino acids may ease behavioral problems in several mouse models of autism.

The work, published December 2nd in the open-access journal PLOS Biology, suggests that these three supplements, when taken together, help strengthen communication between neurons and improve social interactions in the animals.

A research team at the University of Massachusetts Amherst has shown that a nanoparticle-based vaccine can successfully prevent melanoma, pancreatic cancer, and triple-negative breast cancer in mice. Depending on the cancer type, as many as 88 percent of vaccinated mice remained free of tumors (depending on the cancer), and the approach reduced—and in some instances entirely blocked—the spread of cancer in the body.

“By engineering these nanoparticles to activate the immune system via multi-pathway activation that combines with cancer-specific antigens, we can prevent tumor growth with remarkable survival rates,” says Prabhani Atukorale, assistant professor of biomedical engineering in the Riccio College of Engineering at UMass Amherst and corresponding author on the paper.

Atukorale’s earlier work found that her nanoparticle-based drug design could shrink or eliminate existing tumors in mice. The new results reveal that the same technology also works as a preventative strategy.

This photo of Earth, dubbed the Blue Marble, was taken by the Apollo 17 crew #OTD in 1972 as they traveled to the Moon.

It soon became one of the most widely-distributed photographs in history.

Your sunscreen sits in the bathroom cabinet, slowly changing. The mayonnaise in your fridge gradually separates. That prenoscription cream loses effectiveness over time. All these materials share something fundamental, they're soft matter, substances like gels, foams, and colloids whose internal structure reorganises slowly and mysteriously over months or years.

Understanding exactly what happens inside these materials as they age has always been complicated by gravity. Even sitting still on a shelf, Earth's gravitational pull constantly influences how particles within these substances settle, cluster, and rearrange themselves. So a team of researchers from Politecnico di Milano and the Université de Montpellier decided to study soft matter somewhere gravity that gravity will have no effect.

The result is COLIS, a new experimental facility now operating aboard the International Space Station. The laboratory represents the culmination of more than 25 years of collaboration between Luca Cipelletti, a physicist at the Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, and Roberto Piazza, who runs the Soft Matter laboratory at Politecnico di Milano.

COLIS uses sophisticated optical techniques to look inside materials without disturbing them. Dynamic light scattering analyses how laser beams pass through samples, revealing tiny variations called speckle patterns that show how gels and other soft materials restructure over time. The facility can also carefully heat samples to trigger aging processes in precise, reproducible ways, then watch what happens at the molecular level.

Early results have already surprised the research team. Gravity affects soft matter structure more dramatically than expected, influencing material properties even over long timescales.

Gamma-ray bursts, the most powerful class of cosmic explosions, usually last under a minute. But astronomers spotted one in July that continued for days. Learn how NASA telescopes and other facilities are helping us narrow down the possible causes: go.nasa.gov/49Yr5hL