A handful of incredibly rare solar neutrino events were detected turning carbon-13 into nitrogen-13 deep underground.

The finding confirms a long-anticipated reaction and provides a new tool for probing the universe’s smallest and strangest particles.

Ghost Particles and a New Kind of Interaction
Neutrinos rank among the most puzzling particles known to science. Often described as ‘ghost particles’, they almost never interact with ordinary matter. Trillions move through each of us every second without leaving any trace behind. These particles emerge from nuclear processes, including those happening at the heart of our Sun, yet they are extremely difficult to detect because they so rarely collide with anything.

Until now, solar neutrinos have only been observed interacting with a limited number of materials. Researchers have now achieved a first: they have documented neutrinos converting carbon atoms into nitrogen inside a massive underground detector.

The emission of X-rays is usually the domain of the energetic events of the universe: hot stars, supermassive black holes, and the like. However, since 1996, with Comet Hyakutake, we have learned that even comets can emit X-rays. But despite efforts, no such signal was ever seen for an interstellar object. Enter this year’s superstar Comet 3I/ATLAS, breaking yet another record.

Interstellar object 3I/ATLAS is different from its predecessors, 1I/’Oumuamua, discovered in 2017, and Comet 2I/Borisov in 2019. It’s faster, it’s older, more active, and estimated to be larger. Now, observations from the X-ray telescope XRISM suggest that it is also the first interstellar object with an X-ray signature.

Before the conspiracy theorists claim that this is some sort of engine signature or a weapon charging up, let’s stress that it is perfectly normal for comets to emit X-rays. This emission comes from specific interactions between the plasma released at high speed by the Sun and the coma, the atmosphere of the comet. This is gas and dust released as the comet gets near the Sun.

The plasma slams into the gas of the coma, and it can rip electrons from the gas’s atoms. The electrons are pushed away with such energy that they begin to emit X-rays. It doesn’t matter that comets are among the coldest objects in the universe. This plasma interaction produces electrons with a temperature of millions of degrees.

The data was collected from 23:20 on November 26 to 20:38 on November 28, 2025, with an effective exposure of 17 hours. The primary analysis is consistent with a faint X-ray glow spanning 400,000 kilometers (250,000 miles). The team believes that it would be difficult to explain this signal just with noise from the detector.

While more work is necessary, the team has other preliminary evidence. The X-ray signatures of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen appeared in the data in a way that couldn't happen if there was a different source, such as the galaxy at large or even from our own atmosphere.

NASA has officially lost contact with a spacecraft that has been orbiting Mars since 2014.

The MAVEN spacecraft – Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution – abruptly lost contact with Earth on 6 December 2025 while passing behind the red planet in the normal course of its orbit. When MAVEN re-emerged from behind Mars, however, NASA ground control was unable to reestablish a connection.

On December 9, the space agency announced it is investigating the issue and attempting to locate a signal.

All systems had been working normally before MAVEN passed behind Mars.

MAVEN is one of a fleet of seven orbiters currently actively observing Mars. It launched from Earth in 2013 and reached Mars orbit in September 2014, tasked with studying the red planet's upper atmosphere and ionosphere, and how they interact with the solar wind.

By observing ongoing rates and mechanisms of atmospheric loss, MAVEN has given scientists the tools to understand how Mars may have changed from a once-wet planet to the cold, dry dustball it is today.

Scientists are hard at work trying to assess the scale of our microplastic pollution problem and the likely health impacts. A new study now identifies several downstream health risks these tiny plastic fragments may pose as they traverse the environment.

Research suggests microplastics by themselves can be harmful to our biology, and they're also known to absorb other toxic pollutants.

Now, on top of this, new findings from researchers at the University of Exeter and the Plymouth Marine Laboratory in the UK suggest microbes also develop biofilms on top of microplastics.

These biofilms (or 'plastispheres') can harbor dangerous bacteria and aid their growth and survival – meaning microplastics might potentially be spreading pathogens and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) as well.

That poses several serious health risks, from disease-causing bacteria finding their way into the food chain, to an increased spread of drug-resistant bacteria that make infections harder to treat and medical procedures more risky.

"Our research shows that microplastics can act as carriers for harmful pathogens and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, enhancing their survival and spread," says marine scientist Pennie Lindeque, from the Plymouth Marine Laboratory.

"This interaction poses a growing risk to environmental and public health and demands urgent attention."

Rarely seen by humans, a humpback whale birth is a truly special moment 💙 Now that it has entered the world, this humpback calf will spend the next 10 years of its life growing to its full adult size.

And you thought it was hard to scroll through all the photos on your phone...

NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter has snapped its 100,000th image of the surface with its HiRISE camera. More on this milestone image: go.nasa.gov/4oXJQpu

I created a little web game which I'm going to use for a future video explaining how aircraft used to navigate by radio before VORs. No special equipment needed, just listen to morse code tones, if you're on one of the 4 beams then you'll hear a continuous tone, so find a beam, stay on it and get to the destination, then it gets harder, removing the map, and eventually just relying on the audio alone:
illectro.github.io
(Not mobile friendly currently)

Another trip around the Sun ☀️

NASAHubble turned 35 this year. Even after more than three decades in orbit, the telescope continues to revolutionize our view of the universe.

🔭 Until now, observing the inner regions of the Sun’s enigmatic atmosphere – the corona – was close to impossible.

🛰️🛰️☀️ The satellite duo making up our Proba-3 mission fills this observation gap by creating artificial solar eclipses in orbit.

Read more: esa.int/Enabling_Suppo…