🔺ايتبس فارسی Iran.ETABS..🔻
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🔺ايتبس فارسی Iran.ETABS..🔻
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🔺ماده193 برنامه پنجم توسعه کشور: بازیافت پسماندهای شهری🔻

شهرداری‌ها موظّفند تا پایان سال چهارم برنامه(1393)، پسماندهای شهرها را با روش‌های نوین و فنّاوری‌های جدید، با اولویت روش‌های ارگانیک از قبیل ورمی‌کمپوست بازیافت کنند. از سال پایانی برنامه (1394) هر گونه دفن پسماند در این‌گونه شهرها مطلقاً ممنوع است.

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🔺ويژگي هاي ضروري يك « شهرِ پايدار» از نظر "كميسيون جهاني محيط زيست و توسعه"🔻

1. افزايش فرصت هاي اقتصادي و اجتماعي، به گونه اي كه ساكنان شهري را پوشش دهد
2. كاهش سهم انرژي در رشد شهري
3. استفاده ي بهينه در مصرف آب، زمين و ساير منابع مورد نياز
4. كمينه كردن ميزان توليد زباله و فاضلاب و بيشينه كردن بازيافت از پسماندها
5. ايجاد سيستم هاي مديريت با قدرت و كارايي كافي جهت نيل به اهداف اقتصادي، اجتماعي و زيست محيطي
6. جهت دادن به فن آوري هاي مورد استفاده در شهر به سمت اهداف توسعه ي پايدار
7. تقويت توان مناطق مختلف شهري ، در راستاي جلوگيري يا پاسخ گويي به تهديدات و اهداف اقتصادي، اجتماعي و زيست محيطي، كه در نتيجه ي عوامل طبيعي يا انساني به وجود مي آيند، همچنين انعطاف پذيري در روبرويي با اختلالات غير منتظره در سيستم شهر.

✅ 👈 شهر پايدار، شهري است كه در آن بهبود در عدالت اجتماعي، تنوع و امكان زندگي با كيفيت مطلوب تحقّق يابد..

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🔺اجرای فونداسیون بتنی..🔻
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🔺اجرای فونداسیون بتنی..🔻
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🔺اجرای فونداسیون بتنی..🔻
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گروه مهندسین دانش اندازه گیری..
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گروه مهندسین دانش اندازه گیری..
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گروه مهندسین دانش اندازه گیری..

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گروه مهندسین دانش اندازه گیری..

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📝 نحوه محاسبه ضریب ارتفاع در فهرستبها..

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📝 آنالیز هزینه های بالاسری..

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📝 هزینه های بالاسری عمومی..

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📝 هزینه های بالاسری کار ..

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📝 دانلود رایگان نرم افزارهای کاربردی دفاترفنی..

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📝ESTIMATE BID PRICE-TENDER COST OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECT..
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📝🔺ESTIMATE BID PRICE-TENDER COST OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECT🔻

✅The Estimation of bid price or tender cost of a construction project is calculated as the sum of the total cost of construction and mark-up price. Total cost of construction project consists of direct cost and indirect costs for the construction works.

✅Direct cost of construction project includes the cost of materials, labors, plants and equipment while the indirect costs are associated with expenses on personnel recruitment and their training, research and development required for the construction works.
Thus a direct cost is associated with the activities performed at construction site, i.e. if the activities are not carried out, direct costs are not incurred. In case of indirect costs, they are non-traceable based on activity. Indirect costs may have incurred even if the construction works / activities have not been performed.

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📝🔺ESTIMATE BID PRICE-TENDER COST OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECT🔻

✅Thus, following formulas can be used to calculate the cost of construction projects:

✔️Direct Cost = Labor Cost + Plants & Equipment Cost + Crew Cost + Materials Cost + Subcontractor Cost

✔️Indirect Cost = Project Overheads + Common Plants & Equipment Cost + Common Workmen Cost

✔️Mark-up Cost = Profit + Contingency + General Overheads + Allowance for Risks

✔️Construction Project Cost = Direct Cost + Indirect Cost + Mark-up Cost

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📝ESTIMATE BID PRICE-TENDER COST OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECT..
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📝🔺ESTIMATE BID PRICE-TENDER COST OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECT🔻

✅Estimation of Direct Cost of Construction Project:
Direct cost of construction project consists of cost of materials, labors, plants and equipment, subcontractors and crew costs. Following are the guidelines for estimating components of direct cost:

▶️Cost of Material:
🔘Cost of materials includes cost of all construction materials which will go into the building or the construction work. These materials include cement, aggregates, reinforcement steel etc. The cost of material consists of actual cost of the material at the source, their packing and handling charges, transportation, excise duty, sales tax, entry tax etc. on the actual rate of material.

✔️Therefore, the cost of material = Actual cost of material at the source + packing and handling charges + transportation cost + taxes

▶️Cost of Labor:
🔘The cost of labor is the payment made to labor for works done at construction site on daily or weekly or monthly basis. The cost of labor includes the basic wage paid, bonus payments, cost for labor welfare schemes such as pension, insurance, health benefits, notice pay, housing, food, retrenchment, mobilization and demobilization costs.

✔️The cost of labor are influenced by local laws. Thus they vary from place to place and also depend on skill levels of the labors.

▶️Cost of Plants & Equipment:
🔘Cost of plants & equipment covers the cost incurred towards owning and operating the equipment for various construction activities.
The cost of plants and equipment includes cost of owning and operating, mobilization cost, cost of fuel, oil and lubricants, cost of repair and maintenance of equipment, cost of spare parts, cost of operators, drivers, statutory expenses, personnel, carrier expenses and demobilization costs.

▶️Subcontractor Costs:
🔘In a large construction project, the main contractor has one or many sub-contractors under them for various construction works or activities or specialized works such as waterproofing, wood works, aluminium works, anti-termite treatments etc.
The cost associated with specialized construction work or any work done by a subcontractor is called as subcontractor costs.
The main contractor gets the quotation from subcontractors for the proposed construction work to be done by them. Then the cost of works to be completed by subcontractor is considered as subcontractor costs.

▶️Crew Cost:
🔘A crew is a group of men (workers, supervisors etc.) and machineries which are assigned a particular type of construction activity such as excavation, piping, welding, woodwork etc.

The cost associated with these crew to complete the given work is taken as the crew cost. This cost can also be taken directly instead of calculating cost of labor, equipment for such works.

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For example, excavation crew consists of 2-3 workers, excavator machine, dumpers etc. By knowing the capacity of this crew to complete the work in a time frame and cost of the crew per unit time, we can compute the cost of excavation directly without calculating the cost of labor, equipments separately.

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