Dale's principle:
The principle basically states that a neuron performs the same chemical action at all of its synaptic connections to other cells, regardless of the identity of the target cell.
However, this is not the case in neural systems, there are neurons that can release more than one neurotransmitter and neurons are classified based on a main neurotransmitter they release and their main "cotransmitter".
more information at:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale's_principle
The principle basically states that a neuron performs the same chemical action at all of its synaptic connections to other cells, regardless of the identity of the target cell.
However, this is not the case in neural systems, there are neurons that can release more than one neurotransmitter and neurons are classified based on a main neurotransmitter they release and their main "cotransmitter".
more information at:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale's_principle
آزمایشگاه علوم اعصاب NSL
The Braincheck project (مغز آزمون) to become operational at NSL soon... Stay connected!
You’ve had your eyes checked...your heart checked...you’ve checked your blood sugar, cholesterol, and even that strange little mole on your hand. So why haven’t you ever checked the most important part of your body. You may want to get involved with the Braincheck project at NSL. Neuroscience laboratory at SUMS (NSL) is the premier neuroscience practice serving individuals every week. NSL provides cognitive assessment and rehabilitation for adults with known or suspected changes in cognition or behavior.
Comprehensive outpatient neuropsychological assessment services or “BrainChecks” focus on a patient's thinking abilities in terms of attention, memory, planning/organization, language skills, visuospatial/sensorimotor abilities, personality and mood. A BrainCheck provides information to help understand and improve functioning at work, school or in routine activities required to live independently. NSL BrainChecks for adult and geriatric patients in whom impairments of cognitive or neuropsychiatric functioning are evident or suspected.
Comprehensive outpatient neuropsychological assessment services or “BrainChecks” focus on a patient's thinking abilities in terms of attention, memory, planning/organization, language skills, visuospatial/sensorimotor abilities, personality and mood. A BrainCheck provides information to help understand and improve functioning at work, school or in routine activities required to live independently. NSL BrainChecks for adult and geriatric patients in whom impairments of cognitive or neuropsychiatric functioning are evident or suspected.
Trends in Cognitive sciences:
Gradients of Connectivity in the Cerebral Cortex:
The human neocortex is organized with distributed networks that connect distant regions together, but what determines their spatial layout? A recent study sheds light on the topological placement of regions along the cortical surface in relation to gradients of connectivity in both humans and macaques.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2016.12.002
Gradients of Connectivity in the Cerebral Cortex:
The human neocortex is organized with distributed networks that connect distant regions together, but what determines their spatial layout? A recent study sheds light on the topological placement of regions along the cortical surface in relation to gradients of connectivity in both humans and macaques.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2016.12.002
Trends in Cognitive sciences:
The Neurobiology of Human Attachments:
Attachment bonds are a defining feature of mammals. A conceptual framework on human attachments is presented, integrating insights from animal research with neuroimaging studies. Four mammalian bonds are described, including parent–infant, pair–bonds, peers, and conspecifics, all built upon systems shaped by maternal provisions during sensitive periods, and evolution from rodents to humans is detailed. Bonding is underpinned by crosstalk of oxytocin and dopamine in striatum, combining motivation and vigor with social focus, and their time sensitivity/pulsatility enables reorganization of neural networks. Humans’ representation-based attachments are characterized by biobehavioral synchrony and integrate subcortical with cortical networks implicated in reward/motivation, embodied simulation, and mentalization. The neurobiology of love may open perspectives on the ‘situated’ brain and initiate dialog between science and humanities, arts, and clinical wisdom.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2016.11.007
The Neurobiology of Human Attachments:
Attachment bonds are a defining feature of mammals. A conceptual framework on human attachments is presented, integrating insights from animal research with neuroimaging studies. Four mammalian bonds are described, including parent–infant, pair–bonds, peers, and conspecifics, all built upon systems shaped by maternal provisions during sensitive periods, and evolution from rodents to humans is detailed. Bonding is underpinned by crosstalk of oxytocin and dopamine in striatum, combining motivation and vigor with social focus, and their time sensitivity/pulsatility enables reorganization of neural networks. Humans’ representation-based attachments are characterized by biobehavioral synchrony and integrate subcortical with cortical networks implicated in reward/motivation, embodied simulation, and mentalization. The neurobiology of love may open perspectives on the ‘situated’ brain and initiate dialog between science and humanities, arts, and clinical wisdom.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2016.11.007
"Consciousness in Biological and Artificial Brains" a highly informative talk by Christoph Koch
At the end of the talk he explains exactly why we need to use neuromorphic hardware for building a sentient machine and why neural simulation will not produce conscious perception.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nVLJKJce_fY
At the end of the talk he explains exactly why we need to use neuromorphic hardware for building a sentient machine and why neural simulation will not produce conscious perception.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nVLJKJce_fY
YouTube
Christof Koch: Consciousness in Biological and Artificial Brains
Christoph Koch, President and Chief Scientific Officer, Allen Institute for Brain Science
TALK:Consciousness in Biological and Artificial Brains
Abstract: Human and non-human animals not only act in the world but are capable of conscious experience. That…
TALK:Consciousness in Biological and Artificial Brains
Abstract: Human and non-human animals not only act in the world but are capable of conscious experience. That…
Ten simple rules for structuring papers
http://biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2016/11/28/088278.full.pdf
http://biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2016/11/28/088278.full.pdf
When Is the Brain Dead? Living-Like Electrophysiological Responses and Photon Emissions from Applications of Neurotransmitters in Fixed Post-Mortem Human Brains
The structure of the post-mortem human brain can be preserved by immersing the organ within a fixative solution. Once the brain is perfused, cellular and histological features are maintained over extended periods of time. However, functions of the human brain are not assumed to be preserved beyond death and subsequent chemical fixation. Here we present a series of experiments which, together, refute this assumption. Instead, we suggest that chemical preservation of brain structure results in some retained functional capacity......
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167231
The structure of the post-mortem human brain can be preserved by immersing the organ within a fixative solution. Once the brain is perfused, cellular and histological features are maintained over extended periods of time. However, functions of the human brain are not assumed to be preserved beyond death and subsequent chemical fixation. Here we present a series of experiments which, together, refute this assumption. Instead, we suggest that chemical preservation of brain structure results in some retained functional capacity......
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167231
journals.plos.org
When Is the Brain Dead? Living-Like Electrophysiological Responses and Photon Emissions from Applications of Neurotransmitters…
The structure of the post-mortem human brain can be preserved by immersing the organ within a fixative solution. Once the brain is perfused, cellular and histological features are maintained over extended periods of time. However, functions of the human brain…
Common oscillatory mechanisms across multiple memory systems
The cortex, hippocampus, and striatum support dissociable forms of memory. While each of these regions contains specialized circuitry supporting their respective functions, all structure their activities across time with delta, theta, and gamma rhythms. We review how these oscillations are generated and how they coordinate distinct memory systems during encoding, consolidation, and retrieval. ..... Differences in the oscillatory coordination of memory systems during sleep might explain why the consolidation of some forms of memory is sensitive to slow-wave sleep, while others depend on REM. In particular, theta oscillations appear to support the consolidation of certain types of procedural memories during REM, while delta oscillations during slow-wave sleep seem to promote declarative and procedural memories.
http://www.nature.com/articles/s41539-016-0001-2
The cortex, hippocampus, and striatum support dissociable forms of memory. While each of these regions contains specialized circuitry supporting their respective functions, all structure their activities across time with delta, theta, and gamma rhythms. We review how these oscillations are generated and how they coordinate distinct memory systems during encoding, consolidation, and retrieval. ..... Differences in the oscillatory coordination of memory systems during sleep might explain why the consolidation of some forms of memory is sensitive to slow-wave sleep, while others depend on REM. In particular, theta oscillations appear to support the consolidation of certain types of procedural memories during REM, while delta oscillations during slow-wave sleep seem to promote declarative and procedural memories.
http://www.nature.com/articles/s41539-016-0001-2
Nature
Common oscillatory mechanisms across multiple memory systems
npj Science of Learning - Common oscillatory mechanisms across multiple memory systems