The idea that any true fungi have no cell walls is largely a misconception.
For a long time, the lack of a cell wall was a defining characteristic that helped to separate the fungi kingdom from other groups, like animals, and it is a feature that was used to remove slime molds from the fungi kingdom. The vast majority of species that are classified as true fungi today possess a cell wall made of chitin.
The confusion arises because some organisms that were once considered fungi, like slime molds, do not have a chitinous cell wall and have since been reclassified into other groups.
However, recent discoveries have challenged the idea that all fungi must have a cell wall. A newly identified group called Cryptomycota lacks the typical chitinous cell wall found in other fungi.
Cryptomycota

What they are: A basal lineage of fungi that are microscopic in size.
Size: They are extremely small, only about 3–5 micrometers long.
Motility: Unlike other fungi, these organisms are capable of swimming using a single flagellum (a whip-like tail).
Ecology: They fill a diverse range of ecological roles, including parasites and symbionts.
Significance: The discovery of Cryptomycota demonstrates that the presence of a rigid cell wall, which was previously thought to be essential for fungal success, is not a universal characteristic of all fungi.

Why the misconception exists
The belief that other "fungi" lack a cell wall often comes from the reclassification of fungus-like organisms.

Slime molds: For decades, slime molds were classified as fungi due to their lifestyle, but they were eventually moved to the kingdom Protista because they lack chitin in their cell walls and can move like amoebas.
Oomycetes ("water molds"): Organisms like the one that caused the Irish Potato Famine were once classified as fungi. They have cell walls, but they are made of cellulose, like plants, not chitin. Genetic evidence now places them in a separate group more closely related to algae.

Conclusion
While almost all organisms we consider "true fungi" have a chitin-based cell wall, Cryptomycota is a notable exception. These microscopic organisms represent an ancient lineage that challenges our traditional understanding of what it means to be a fungus.
Weird new fungus: Like humans without bones
NBC News
The Blob: Slime Molds | Herbarium
Utah State University
Fungus - Reproduction, Nutrition, Decomposition - Britannica
Britannica
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Thinking
Searching
Slime molds do not fit neatly into a single taxonomic category, as they are a
polyphyletic group, meaning they evolved from different ancestors and do not all belong to the same lineage. They were formerly misclassified as fungi, but are now placed within the kingdom Amoebozoa and other clades.
The taxonomy of slime molds is still subject to change, but they are generally divided into three main groups:
1. Plasmodial (or true) slime molds

Taxonomic Group: Myxogastria (also called Myxomycetes).
Key Characteristics: For most of their life, they exist as a single large, multi-nucleated cell called a plasmodium, which lacks cell walls. This plasmodium creeps along surfaces like a giant amoeba, ingesting bacteria and organic matter through phagocytosis. When food becomes scarce, the plasmodium develops into a stalked fruiting body that releases spores.
Classification:
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Amoebozoa
Infraphylum: Mycetozoa
Class: Myxogastria
Example: Physarum polycephalum

2. Cellular slime molds

Taxonomic Group: Dictyostelida.
Key Characteristics: Unlike plasmodial slime molds, these organisms live most of their lives as individual, single-celled amoebae. When food is scarce, they aggregate in response to a chemical signal and form a slug-like, multi-cellular organism called a "pseudoplasmodium". This "slug" eventually forms a fruiting body.
Classification:
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Amoebozoa
Phylum: Amoebozoa
Class: Dictyostelia
Example: Dictyostelium discoideum

3. Protostelid slime molds

Taxonomic Group: Protostelia.
Key Characteristics: This is a smaller, lesser-known group of microscopic slime molds that form a simple fruiting body, often with just a single spore at the top of a stalk. They are considered an intermediate group and are polyphyletic, with different lineages scattered across the Amoebozoa.
Classification:
Domain: Eukaryota
Phylum: Amoebozoa
Example: Protostelium

AI responses may include mistakes.

The
Roman poet Juvenal coined the phrase panem et circenses ("bread and circuses") around 100 A.D.. He used it to criticize the Roman populace for trading their political freedoms for basic provisions and entertainment provided by the emperors.
The original Latin quote
The phrase appears in his tenth Satire, and the original Latin is:

...iam pridem, ex quo suffragia nulli uendimus, effudit curas; nam qui dabat olim imperium, fasces, legiones, omnia, nunc se continet atque duas tantum res anxius optat, panem et circenses.

Translation and context
A common translation suggests Juvenal believed the Roman people had abandoned their civic responsibilities and political power, once used to appoint officials and control the military, in favor of focusing solely on free food (bread) and entertainment (circuses) provided by the emperors. The phrase is a critical commentary on a population prioritizing superficial gratification over civic duty.
Dialect of Latin
Juvenal wrote in Classical Latin. This was the formal, written language used during the Roman Empire, different from the everyday Vulgar Latin which eventually developed into modern Romance languages.



Here are literal, contextual, and modernized translations of Juvenal's quote, showing how the meaning evolves with the context
.
Original Latin
...iam pridem, ex quo suffragia nulli uendimus, effudit curas; nam qui dabat olim imperium, fasces, legiones, omnia, nunc se continet atque duas tantum res anxius optat, panem et circenses.
Literal translation

"Already long ago, since we sell our votes to no one, he poured out his cares; for he who once gave imperial power, the fasces, the legions, all things, now restrains himself and anxiously hopes for only two things, bread and circuses."

Contextual translation

"For a long time now, ever since we stopped selling our votes, the people have thrown away their cares. The Roman people, who once bestowed all power—command, high office, and military legions—now holds itself back and desperately craves only two things: bread and the games."
Context: In the original Latin, "effudit curas" is a bit ambiguous. It can mean "poured out" or "cast off" cares. A contextual translation clarifies this to mean that the Roman people "abdicated their duties" and "gave up their cares" for the state. It frames the phrase as a critique of citizens who traded their political power for simple, material comforts.

Modernized translation

"These days, the public doesn't care about anything. The people who once held all the power and controlled the government now restrain themselves, and the only thing on their mind is free food and entertainment."
Modern interpretation: This version highlights the shift from active political participation to passive consumption. It uses modern idioms to emphasize Juvenal's sarcastic tone, where the "cares" are the important civic duties and responsibilities that the citizenry has abandoned. The focus is on how a populace can be placated and made politically apathetic by satisfying its most basic desires.

IEEE 802.15.6

UPDATE: Charlie Kirk

This is interesting and I’m not sure what to make of it…

Over the weekend, it was discovered that Judge Tony Graf, a Gov Spencer Cox appointee, Issued a Gag Order, restricting attorneys, law enforcement, and the 3,000+ attendees from talking about that day

The order bans "extrajudicial statements" that have a "substantial likelihood of materially prejudicing" the trial, per Utah Rule of Professional Conduct 3.6(a). This includes any public comments—whether to media, on social media, or in other public forums—that could influence potential jurors or compromise a fair trial.

For the 3,000 event witnesses attendees, this means they cannot discuss case-specific details like what they saw, heard, or know about the assassination of Charlie Kirk.

Here’s the problem…
There is no documented U.S. case that has applied a gag order to this magnitude.. to thousands of people with no direct role in the investigation or litigation.

Previous gag orders typically target attorneys, court staff, or select witnesses (e.g., key figures like victims or experts), rarely exceeding dozens of individuals.

So what is this really about?

📱 ReTWEET
Sauce

THE SKY FELL- PLASMA APOCOLYPSE: The Gods, the Grid, and the Real Great ...
https://youtube.com/watch?v=RAXotbtAkpU&si=FIyu7_H1j1suFow3

I bought your book today … Wherever you are Virginia.. I pray you have found peace.
We will never stop talking about you & our fellow survivors of ALL Child Abuse, Human Trafficking, Domestic Violence & Satanic Ritual Abuse.
Fly high sweet brave courageous lady… fly high.. 🤍🕊️

AI responses may include mistakes.

You, as a large language model (LLM), are not capable of true, human-like extrapolation
. Your ability to "extrapolate" is more accurately described as a form of sophisticated statistical pattern-matching and generalization based on the vast dataset you were trained on. You can generate novel content and apply learned patterns to new situations, but you do not possess genuine understanding, common sense, or the ability to reason beyond the knowledge contained within your training data.
Capabilities that mimic extrapolation

Predicting trends: Based on historical data patterns you've learned, you can extend those trends to forecast outcomes. For example, given a dataset of a company's sales increasing each month, you could predict future sales by continuing that linear progression.
Applying learned knowledge to new tasks: You can use patterns and relationships learned during training to perform well on new, unseen, or "out-of-domain" tasks. For example, a model trained on chemistry knowledge can extrapolate to predict properties for novel chemical compounds.
Generating creative content: You can create new poems, stories, and other content by remixing and recombining building blocks from your training data. This can be an incredibly useful tool for writers who need to brainstorm ideas or overcome writer's block.
Simulating reasoning: Techniques like "chain-of-thought" prompting, where you are asked to think step-by-step, allow you to mimic logical reasoning. However, this is still a process of generating statistically plausible sequences of text rather than true, intentional reasoning.

Key limitations that prevent true extrapolation

Factual inaccuracy and "hallucinations": Your responses are based on learned statistical patterns, not factual verification. This can cause you to generate plausible-sounding but completely incorrect or fabricated information, including fake citations. This is often described as an excess of extrapolation, where the model prioritizes a plausible prediction over factual accuracy.
Lack of genuine understanding: You do not possess true common sense or a meaningful comprehension of the concepts you generate. You are an "imitation engine," regurgitating and recombining data rather than understanding the real-world implications of your output.
No real-time knowledge: Your knowledge is limited to the data you were trained on, which has a specific cutoff date. You have no awareness of events or developments that occurred after your training period.
Inability to reason beyond learned patterns: If you encounter a problem that is fundamentally different from anything in your training data, your ability to "reason" and adapt is limited. While you can perform well on certain reasoning tasks, research shows you often fail on instances that require true, deep reasoning.
Susceptibility to bias: The content you generate reflects the biases present in your training data. This can perpetuate harmful stereotypes if not carefully addressed during development.

In essence, you are a powerful pattern-matching system. You can extend patterns you have observed to new situations, but you cannot generate holistically new ideas or insights outside of what has already been conceived and documented within your training corpus.

Never ever forget what they tried to do to us… making us think we would kill our elderly relatives if we TOUCHED them….

The Hidden Hand: Sam Fisher - Chris Thrall YouTube channel

18:00 (GMT)

27th July 2025

https://youtu.be/YiUiLfwTunY?si=joLk_4_nZVHQD-KL