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What are top 10 largest countries by area?

1. Russia

is the largest country in the world with a total area of 17,098,242 Km² (6,601,665 mi²) and a land area of 16,376,870 Km² (6,323,142 mi²), equivalent to 11% of the total world's landmass of 148,940,000 Km² (57,510,000 square miles).

Among the other 10 largest countries of our planet, there are States from five continents:

2. Canada with a total area of 9,984,670 Km² (3,855,101 mi²)
3. China with a total area of 9,706,961 Km² (3,747,877 mi²)
4. USA with a total area of 9,372,610 Km² (3,618,783 mi²)
5. Brazil with a total area of 8,515,767 Km² (3,287,955 mi²)
6. Australia with a total area of 7,692,024 Km² (2,969,906 mi²)
7. India with a total area of 3,287,590 Km² (1,269,345 mi²)
8. Argentina with a total area of 2,780,400 Km² (1,073,518 mi²)
9. Kazakhstan with a total area of 2,724,900 Km² (1,052,089 mi²)
10. Algeria with a total area of 2,381,741 Km² (919,595 mi²)

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Can a deer visually detect a tiger in the background of green bush and trees?

No, a deer cannot see an orange tiger.

Deers, as well as most of animals tigers prey on, are dichromate, which means that they can only pick up blue and green light and are effectively colourblind to the colour red or orange.

Tigers’ orange colouration looks green to deers. It allows tigers to blend perfectly into the green background.

But why tigers haven’t simply become green during their evolution?

Tigers could not grow green coats because due to their biochemistry mammals are not able to produce green fur.

A question that remains open for researchers is why deers never evolved trichromatic vision, as this might help them to stop getting eaten.

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When were the first schools established?

The first forms of formal education began to appear shortly after the development of writing - circa 3000 B.C. Both the Sumerians (who had developed a cuneiform system of picto-graphics) and the Egyptians (who developed hieroglyphics) established schools to teach students to read and write according to their systems.

After the development of the first alphabet (between 1800 and 1000 B.C.) by Semitic people in the Middle East, religious schools were set up. Priests taught privileged boys to read sacred Hebrew writings (the Torah).

The first school that was open to everyone, not just the upper classes, may well have been that established by the Chinese philosopher Confucius (551–479 B.C.), who taught literature and music, conduct, and ethics to anyone who wanted to learn them.

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What is the most expensive painting ever sold?

Salvator Mundi, attributed in whole or in part to the Italian High Renaissance artist Leonardo da Vinci, is the most expensive painting ever sold.

In November 2017, at Christie’s in New-York the then owner of the masterpiece, a Russian businessman Dmitry Rybolovlev, sold it to a Saudi prince and minister of culture Badr bin Abdullah bin Mohammed bin Farhan Al Saud for $450,3 million.

Salvator Mundi (Latin for ''Savior of the World'') depicts Jesus in an anachronistic blue Renaissance dress, making the sign of the cross with his right hand, while holding in his left a transparent, non-refracting crystal orb, a symbol of the heavens.

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Where do the tallest people in the world live?

The Netherlands, a European country with a population of 17,4 million, is the place where the tallest people in the world now live.

Today's generation of Dutch people stands on average at 182.9 centimeters (6 feet) for men and 169.3 centimeters (5.55 feet) for women.

At the same time Dutch men and women born in 2001 are respectively 1 centimeter (0.39 inches) and 1.4 centimeters (0,55 inches) shorter than those born in 1980.

With the average heights of 183.9 centimeters (a bit more than 6 feet) for men and 170.7 centimeters (5.6 feet) for women, the generation of the Netherlands born in 1980 may have been the tallest in the country's and potentially in humanity’s history.

After the Netherlands, the tallest people in the world are now living in South European states in the Balkans (Montenegro, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina) and in Scandinavian countries like Denmark and Norway.

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Who and when invented the first mobile phones?

There at least 4 persons and several historical dates that could be named while answering this question.

In 1917, a Finnish inventor Eric Tigerstedt patented a "pocket-size folding telephone with a very thin carbon microphone".

In 1961, in the Soviet Union a Russian engineer and inventor Leonid Kupriyanovich presented a pocket automatic radio phone, which could fit in the palm of a hand.

In 1973, in the United States John F. Mitchell and Martin Cooper of Motorola showcased the first handheld cellular mobile phone, using a handset weighing 2 kilograms.

In 1983, the Motorola company introduced DynaTAC 8000x, the first commercially available handheld mobile phone.

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What was the deadliest pandemic in human history?

While the world is still struggling against Covid-19 that has already killed almost 5,4 million people, this pandemic is fortunately far from being the deadliest in our history.

In 1918, during the final months of World War I a strain of influenza known as Spanish flu caused a global pandemic.

An estimated 500 million people were infected by Spanish Flu.

Every one in five of those died, bringing the death toll to up to 100 million people - about 5% of the total global population of that time.

The flu's spread and lethality was enhanced by the cramped conditions of soldiers and poor wartime nutrition.

Despite its name, it is unlikely the disease started in Spain. Being a neutral nation during the war, Spain did not enforce strict censorship on its press that freely published early accounts of the illness. As a result, people falsely believed the illness was specific to Spain, and named that strain of flu Spanish.

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Who is the prototype of Santa Claus?

The character of Santa Claus is believed to descend from Bishop Nicholas of Myra, also known as Nicolas the Wonderworker, who lived in the 4th century in Asia Minor, present-day southwestern Turkey.

Saint Nicholas was popular in his lifetime, and had the reputation of a miracle maker.

One of his most famous miracles was the resurrection of three young boys killed and placed in a salting tub by a butcher.

The episode led him to be regarded as the patron saint of schoolchildren.
He is also considered to be the patron saint of sailors, merchants, archers, repentant thieves, brewers, pawnbrokers, unmarried people, and students in various cities and countries around Europe.

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How Saint Nicholas became Santa Claus?

Saint Nicholas was honoured in the Netherlands, where he was also called SinterKlass.

Dutch people who immigrated to America in the 17th century where they founded Nieuw (New) Amsterdam (the future New York), introduced Sinterklaas in their new homeland.

His Dutch name was then distorted and Americanized into Santa Claus – Saint Nick.

In 1809, the American writer Washington Irving published A History of New York, in which he told in a humorous manner the story of the founding of the city.

The author was the first to make the literary transition from Saint Nicholas to Santa Claus.

The book helped popularise the character of Santa Claus and give him an unprecedented profile.

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How many colors of blood do animals have?

The color of blood depends on different chemicals that special proteins of the blood contain. Because some of the chemicals change color while reacting with oxygen, the color of blood is revealed when oxygenated.
We know at least 5 colors of blood running through blood vessels of various animals.

1) Red. Most vertebrates including humans have red blood because of the iron in our plasma.

2) Yellow. Beetles, sea squirts and cucumbers have yellow blood because of vanabin, containing vanadium and the functional aim of which is still unknown.

3) Green. Many annelids like leeches, marine and segmented worms, have chlorocruorin in their blood that turns green when exposed to oxygen.

4) Blue. Spiders, crustaceans, octopuses and squids, mollusks have copper in their blood, which in reaction with oxygen becomes blue.

5) Purple. To transport oxygen brachiopods and some worms use hemerythrin, which, when oxygenated, turns violet-pink.

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Who has a thousand teeth?

Snails and slugs have evolved to eat just about everything; they are herbivorous, carnivorous, omnivorous, and detritivorous (eating decaying waste from plants and other animals).

There are specialist and generalist species that eat worms, vegetation, rotting vegetation, animal waste, fungus, and other snails.

Snails and slugs eat with a jaw and a flexible band of thousands of microscopic teeth, called radula.

Radulae scrape up, or rasp, food particles as the jaw cuts off larger pieces of food, like leaves, to be rasped by radulae.

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Where is it possible to send a postcard underwater?

In Susami Bay, Japan, at the depth of 10 meters an underwater mailbox was set up in 1999.

In 2015, another underwater post box was installed by the Malaysian postal department at Palau Layang-Layang even deeper – at 40 meters below sea level.

The underwater post office in the town of Risor, on the southern Norwegian coast, is made out of a diving bell and is the only dry underwater post office in the world.

Established in 2003, the underwater post office the island nation of Vanuatu is located under 3 meters of water.

Normally, postcards sent from those underwater mailboxes are water-resistant or sealed in waterproof plastic bags.

The “Sea Floor” post office, in Bahamas, was the world’s first underwater post office but it existed only in 1939-1941.

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Do hippos live in South America?

Although hippos live in Africa, a group of these animals can be met in South America, particularly in Colombia.

Of course, hippopotamuses are an introduced species there.

In the late 1970s, four hippos, 1 male and 3 females, lived on the grounds of the private estate of Pablo Escobar, a Colombian drug lord and narcoterrorist.

After police killed him in 1993, Colombian authorities seized the property of the “King of Cocaine” but decided to simply leave hippos at the abandoned hacienda.

As a result, these big foreigners of the South-American fauna didn’t die but started to multiply.

For the moment there are around 100 hippos in the forests and rivers of Colombia.

But their future in the new habitat is uncertain, as the national officials, society and scientists don’t agree on the benefits or threats related to the presence of these huge animals in the country.

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How many times and for how long should one click the computer mouse to burn one calorie?

One calorie equals 4.2 joules.

Given that:
- the force of one click has a value of 0.5 newtons (the same force a human produces to support a mass of 50 grams)
- the distance the finger moves when clicking the button is 1 millimetre

Then multiplying that force by the distance equals 0.0005 joules.

Under these conditions, to burn one calorie you must click the mouse 10 million times.

If you clicked 10 times per second, you could burn that calorie in a mere 11.5 days.

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What is phytoremediation?

Phytoremediation is the use of plants and microorganisms to clean up soil, air, and water contaminated with hazardous waste.

The term is derived from the Greek phyto (plant) and Latin remedium (restoring balance).

One of the most hyper-accumulating plants used for this process is sunflower with its capacity to remove metal compounds from deep in the soil and transport them into the stem, leaves and flower head.

It can take up high concentration of toxic materials and is able to rid a place from radioactive metals in 3-4 years.

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Can hot water freeze faster than cold?

Not always, but sometimes hot water freezes faster than cold water.

Noted by scientists since Aristotle’s time (4th century BC), this phenomenon is now known as the Mpemba effect after Erasto Mpemba, a schoolboy from Tanzania. He claimed in his science class that ice cream would freeze faster if it was heated first before being put in the freezer.

So far, there is no unique theory explaining this effect.

One of the recent hypotheses is that hot water cools faster because of the bigger difference in temperature between the water and the freezer. That may help hot water reach its freezing point quicker than cold water with its natural freezing point of at least 5°C lower.

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Which countries will be the world’s 10 most populous by 2100?

By 2100, India can surpass China as the world’s most populous country.

7th today, Nigeria could become the 3rd in terms of population in 80 years.

4 of the 10 most populous countries in the world of our times could no longer be among the top 10 in 2100 left behind by rapidly growing nations in Africa.

Bangladesh, Brazil, Mexico and Russia who are among the world’s 10 most populous countries today, are projected to be overtaken by the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Tanzania and Egypt – none of which are currently in the top 10.

In experts’ opinion, Africa’s rapid population growth will become one of the dominant stories. Of the six countries that are projected to account for more than half of the world’s population growth by 2100, five are in Africa. Half the world’s babies will be born in Africa by 2100, up from three-in-ten today.

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Who is Satoshi Nakamoto?

This name is well known in the world of crypto.

It is likely to be a pseudonym for a person or a group of people who developed the first cryptocurrency in the world - bitcoin, authored the bitcoin white paper, and created and deployed bitcoin's original reference implementation.

It’s generally believed that the work on the bitcoin code began in 2007 and until mid-2010 Nakamoto continued to collaborate with other developers on the bitcoin software.

After 2010, the recognized involvement of Satoshi Nakamoto in the bitcoin project was stopped.

The identity of Satoshi Nakamoto is still unknown, but according to most of the versions this person is of non-Japanese descent.

Nakamoto could own between 750,000 and 1,100,000 bitcoin. As of November 2021, that puts his net worth at up to 73 billion US dollars, which would make him the 15th richest person in the world.

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Why is Saudi Arabia importing sand from Australia?

For its important construction projects Saudi Arabia needs a lot of concrete, which is manufactured with the use of sand.

However, not all types of sand are the same and for construction purposes it is better to use coarse-grained beach sand.

Desert sand can only be used for few works in construction, but certainly not for building foundations.

Saudi Arabia has a lack of beach sand and is importing it from Australia.

In Australia sand is also mined in desert inland, what makes a difference is that central Australia was once covered by the ocean.

Therefore, the sand in Australian central deserts is a typical beach sand, polished by water for millions of years, and is ideal for construction.

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Why is Saudi Arabia importing camels from Australia?

Camel meat has always played a big part in the traditional diet in Saudi Arabia, where these animals are now mostly bred for racing.

The Saudis traditionally imported camels from North Africa, but various economic and political factors led them to look elsewhere.

Australia became the new commercial partner of the Saudis because today it has a population of more than 500,000 dromedary, one-humped camels.

Australia's camels were brought over from Northern India in the 19th century to cultivate its arid back country.

In the 20th century, when animals were largely replaced by machines, the entire population of 20,000 camels was let into the wild.

Since then the Australian dromedary have been successfully reproducing, and in some areas they have even become a nuisance.

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What is Africa’s “Great Green Wall”?

Africa’s “Great Green Wall” initiative is a proposed 8,000-kilometer line of trees meant to hold back the Sahara from expanding southward.

The project was launched in 2007 by the African Union, and aims to plant 100 million hectares of trees along the Sahel, the semiarid zone lining the desert’s southern edge, by 2030.

11 countries selected as intervention zones for the Great Green Wall are: Burkina Faso, Chad, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, and Sudan.

The project is now roughly 15 percent complete.

According to simulations made recently by scientists, the completed tree line could as much as double rainfall within the Sahel and would also decrease average summer temperatures throughout much of northern Africa and into the Mediterranean. At the same time the study found that temperatures in the hottest parts of the desert would become even hotter.

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