What is a planet parade?
Although there is no scientific definition for the ‘planet parade’, it is being widely used in astronomy to denote an event that takes place when planets of the solar system are aligned in one straight line.
Another term for a planet parade is ‘appulse’.
The following types are distinguished:
🔭 Mini planet parade — 3️⃣ planets.
🔭 Small planet parade — 4️⃣ planets.
🔭 Large planet parade — 5️⃣ or 6️⃣ planets.
🔭 Great planet parade — all solar system’s planets (+ Pluto sometimes).
3 planets align on one side of the Sun simultaneously 2 times a year, 4 planets — once a year, 5 planets — once in every 19 years, and all 8 planets of the Solar system — once in about 170 years.
For inner planets, the best viewing conditions occur near their greatest elongations, and for outer planets — sometime before and after their oppositions.
In April and May 2022 several appulses, including a parade of 4 planets – Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn – can be observed.
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Although there is no scientific definition for the ‘planet parade’, it is being widely used in astronomy to denote an event that takes place when planets of the solar system are aligned in one straight line.
Another term for a planet parade is ‘appulse’.
The following types are distinguished:
🔭 Mini planet parade — 3️⃣ planets.
🔭 Small planet parade — 4️⃣ planets.
🔭 Large planet parade — 5️⃣ or 6️⃣ planets.
🔭 Great planet parade — all solar system’s planets (+ Pluto sometimes).
3 planets align on one side of the Sun simultaneously 2 times a year, 4 planets — once a year, 5 planets — once in every 19 years, and all 8 planets of the Solar system — once in about 170 years.
For inner planets, the best viewing conditions occur near their greatest elongations, and for outer planets — sometime before and after their oppositions.
In April and May 2022 several appulses, including a parade of 4 planets – Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn – can be observed.
Subscribe- t.me/askmenow
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When and where was the world's first human-to-human heart transplant operation performed?
In December 1967, at Groote Schuur Hospital 🏥 in Cape Town, South Africa🇿🇦, a surgeon Christiaan Barnard performed the world's first human-to-human heart transplant operation.
It was 53-year-old Louis Washkansky who received the first human heart transplant from Denise Darvall, a 25-year-old woman, fatally injured in a car accident.
Washkansky’s new heart functioned normally, but 18 days after the revolutionary medical operation the man died from double pneumonia as the drugs that were given to him to suppress his immune system and keep his body from rejecting the heart left him more susceptible to sickness.
In the 1970s, the development of better anti-rejection drugs made transplantation more viable. Dr. Barnard continued to operate, and many of his patients were living up to five years with their new hearts.
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In December 1967, at Groote Schuur Hospital 🏥 in Cape Town, South Africa🇿🇦, a surgeon Christiaan Barnard performed the world's first human-to-human heart transplant operation.
It was 53-year-old Louis Washkansky who received the first human heart transplant from Denise Darvall, a 25-year-old woman, fatally injured in a car accident.
Washkansky’s new heart functioned normally, but 18 days after the revolutionary medical operation the man died from double pneumonia as the drugs that were given to him to suppress his immune system and keep his body from rejecting the heart left him more susceptible to sickness.
In the 1970s, the development of better anti-rejection drugs made transplantation more viable. Dr. Barnard continued to operate, and many of his patients were living up to five years with their new hearts.
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When and where was the first artificial heart successfully implanted?
In December 1982, at the University of Utah, in the US🇺🇸, a Seattle dentist Barney Clark became the first human to receive a permanent artificial heart, a device known as Jarvik-7.
Jarvik-7 was made of plastic and metal and intended for permanent implantation in a human being.
The engineered organ comprised two plastic pumps powered by compressed air, which required the patient to be hooked up at all times to a rolling console the size and weight of a refrigerator. It could pump blood through the body at 40 to 120 pulses per minute, but it replaced the telltale heartbeat with a soft clicking sound followed by a whoosh.
The artificial heart was designed by a team consisting of Robert Jarvik☝️ (whose name the device received), William DeVries☝️, who performed the operation, and Willem Johan Kolff.
The patient lived for another 112 days on the mechanical organ.
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In December 1982, at the University of Utah, in the US🇺🇸, a Seattle dentist Barney Clark became the first human to receive a permanent artificial heart, a device known as Jarvik-7.
Jarvik-7 was made of plastic and metal and intended for permanent implantation in a human being.
The engineered organ comprised two plastic pumps powered by compressed air, which required the patient to be hooked up at all times to a rolling console the size and weight of a refrigerator. It could pump blood through the body at 40 to 120 pulses per minute, but it replaced the telltale heartbeat with a soft clicking sound followed by a whoosh.
The artificial heart was designed by a team consisting of Robert Jarvik☝️ (whose name the device received), William DeVries☝️, who performed the operation, and Willem Johan Kolff.
The patient lived for another 112 days on the mechanical organ.
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What are allotransplantation and xenotransplantation?
Allotransplantation (“allo” means "other" in Greek) is the transplantation of cells, tissues, or organs to a recipient from a genetically non-identical donor of the same species. The transplant is called an allograft, allogenic transplant, or homograft, so all human tissues and organs when transplanted from one person to another are scientifically called allografts.
Allotransplantation is different to xenotransplantation (“xenos” is the Greek root meaning "foreign"), or heterologous transplant, which is the transplantation of living cells, tissues or organs, called xenografts or xenotransplants, from one species to another. For example, 🐖pigs’ heart valves transplanted into a human is a xenotranplantation.
Xenotransplantation, when human cells are implanted into animals🐁🐒, is a research technique frequently used by scientists in pre-clinical studies , for instance in oncology.
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Allotransplantation (“allo” means "other" in Greek) is the transplantation of cells, tissues, or organs to a recipient from a genetically non-identical donor of the same species. The transplant is called an allograft, allogenic transplant, or homograft, so all human tissues and organs when transplanted from one person to another are scientifically called allografts.
Allotransplantation is different to xenotransplantation (“xenos” is the Greek root meaning "foreign"), or heterologous transplant, which is the transplantation of living cells, tissues or organs, called xenografts or xenotransplants, from one species to another. For example, 🐖pigs’ heart valves transplanted into a human is a xenotranplantation.
Xenotransplantation, when human cells are implanted into animals🐁🐒, is a research technique frequently used by scientists in pre-clinical studies , for instance in oncology.
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▶️ Enjoy the migration history of ancient humans around our planet packed in 4️⃣0️⃣ seconds!
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What is the new autonomous world land speed record?
🏎 On April 27, 2022, a team PoliMOVE from Politecnico di Milano (Italy) and the University of Alabama (USA) operated an autonomous racecar the Dallara AV-21 at Space Florida’s Launch & Landing Facility at the Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral.
✔️ The average speed of 309.3 km/h (192.2 mph) was measured over a 1 km stretch in opposite directions during consecutive runs, as required by the FIA International Sporting Code.
✔️ The peak speed achieved by PoliMOVE’s car was 311.9 km/h (193.8 mph).
❗️It’s the new autonomous world land speed record.
This experiment broke the previous record of 282.42 km/h (175.49 mph) by 26.88 km/h (16.71 mph).
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🏎 On April 27, 2022, a team PoliMOVE from Politecnico di Milano (Italy) and the University of Alabama (USA) operated an autonomous racecar the Dallara AV-21 at Space Florida’s Launch & Landing Facility at the Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral.
✔️ The average speed of 309.3 km/h (192.2 mph) was measured over a 1 km stretch in opposite directions during consecutive runs, as required by the FIA International Sporting Code.
✔️ The peak speed achieved by PoliMOVE’s car was 311.9 km/h (193.8 mph).
❗️It’s the new autonomous world land speed record.
This experiment broke the previous record of 282.42 km/h (175.49 mph) by 26.88 km/h (16.71 mph).
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What is memory and its major processes?
Memory refers to the processes that are used to acquire, store, retain, and later retrieve informationℹ️
There are 3️⃣ major processes involved in memory:
✔️encoding,
✔️storage,
✔️retrieval.
Human memory involves the ability to both preserve and recover information. However, this is not a flawless process. Sometimes people forget or misremember things. Things could be not properly encoded in memory in the first place.
Memory problems are often relatively minor annoyances like forgetting birthdays. However, they can also be a sign of serious diseases, like Alzheimer's and other kinds of dementia. These conditions affect a person's quality of life and ability to function.
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Memory refers to the processes that are used to acquire, store, retain, and later retrieve informationℹ️
There are 3️⃣ major processes involved in memory:
✔️encoding,
✔️storage,
✔️retrieval.
Human memory involves the ability to both preserve and recover information. However, this is not a flawless process. Sometimes people forget or misremember things. Things could be not properly encoded in memory in the first place.
Memory problems are often relatively minor annoyances like forgetting birthdays. However, they can also be a sign of serious diseases, like Alzheimer's and other kinds of dementia. These conditions affect a person's quality of life and ability to function.
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What are the types of memory?
Researchers normally describe 4️⃣ kinds of memory.
📌Sensory memory is a very brief recall (about 3 seconds) of a sensory experience. Some compare sensory memory to a quick snapshot of what you just experienced that quickly disappears.
📌Short-Term Memory is that brief period of time where you can recall information you were just exposed to. It often encompasses periods from 30 seconds to several days, depending on who is using the term.
📌Working memory can be defined as the ability of our brains to keep a limited amount of information available long enough to use it. This type helps process thoughts and plans, as well as carries out ideas, combining information from your short-term memory and long-term memory.
📌Long-term memory encompasses memories that range from a few days to decades. In order for successful learning to take place, information has to move from the sensory or the short-term memory to the long-term memory.
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Researchers normally describe 4️⃣ kinds of memory.
📌Sensory memory is a very brief recall (about 3 seconds) of a sensory experience. Some compare sensory memory to a quick snapshot of what you just experienced that quickly disappears.
📌Short-Term Memory is that brief period of time where you can recall information you were just exposed to. It often encompasses periods from 30 seconds to several days, depending on who is using the term.
📌Working memory can be defined as the ability of our brains to keep a limited amount of information available long enough to use it. This type helps process thoughts and plans, as well as carries out ideas, combining information from your short-term memory and long-term memory.
📌Long-term memory encompasses memories that range from a few days to decades. In order for successful learning to take place, information has to move from the sensory or the short-term memory to the long-term memory.
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How the brain changes with age?
Just as our bodies change as we age, changes are happening in our brains 🧠 as well.
🟢 The normal aging process brings subtle changes in cognitive abilities: committing new information to memory and recalling names and numbers can take longer. The ability to hold a piece of information in mind declines and certain aspects of attention can become more difficult with age.
🟢 At the structural level, the overall volume of the brain begins to shrink when we’re in our 30s or 40s, with the rate of shrinkage increasing around age 60. The volume loss isn’t nevertheless uniform throughout the brain.
🟢 Changes contributing to the shrinkage and cortical thinning of the aging brain happen at the level of individual neurons. The formation of new neurons — a process called neurogenesis — also declines with age.
🟢 As we age, our brains may also generate fewer chemical messengers, synthesizing less dopamine and serotonin.
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Just as our bodies change as we age, changes are happening in our brains 🧠 as well.
🟢 The normal aging process brings subtle changes in cognitive abilities: committing new information to memory and recalling names and numbers can take longer. The ability to hold a piece of information in mind declines and certain aspects of attention can become more difficult with age.
🟢 At the structural level, the overall volume of the brain begins to shrink when we’re in our 30s or 40s, with the rate of shrinkage increasing around age 60. The volume loss isn’t nevertheless uniform throughout the brain.
🟢 Changes contributing to the shrinkage and cortical thinning of the aging brain happen at the level of individual neurons. The formation of new neurons — a process called neurogenesis — also declines with age.
🟢 As we age, our brains may also generate fewer chemical messengers, synthesizing less dopamine and serotonin.
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What is a “last in, first out” theory of brain aging?
Studying age-related changes researches formed a hypothesis that the areas of the 🧠 that experience the most dramatic changes with age are also among the last to mature in adolescence.
📍This theory was later confirmed and received the working name of “last in, first out”.
ℹ️ The phenomenon is explained by the fact that the first of the brain’s long-distance fibers to develop are the projection fibers connecting the cortex to lower parts of the brain and spinal cord. Fibers connecting diffuse areas within a single hemisphere — called association fibers — are the last to reach maturity and show the steepest functional declines with age.
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Studying age-related changes researches formed a hypothesis that the areas of the 🧠 that experience the most dramatic changes with age are also among the last to mature in adolescence.
📍This theory was later confirmed and received the working name of “last in, first out”.
ℹ️ The phenomenon is explained by the fact that the first of the brain’s long-distance fibers to develop are the projection fibers connecting the cortex to lower parts of the brain and spinal cord. Fibers connecting diffuse areas within a single hemisphere — called association fibers — are the last to reach maturity and show the steepest functional declines with age.
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What is the best physical activity to reverse aging of the brain?
Scientists are learning every day how adopting a healthy lifestyle can delay or minimize the negative consequences of brain aging.
Analyzing the role of different physical activities, German researchers decided to compare conventional fitness to…dancing 💃🕺🏻.
❗️The conclusions were impressive: compared to conventional physical exercises, dancing led to larger volume increases in more brain areas, including the cingulate cortex, insula, corpus callosum and sensorimotor cortex.
❗️Only dancing was associated with an increase in plasma Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF, a key mediator of neuronal plasticity in the adult) levels.
✅ Scientists assume that these positive structural brain changes can later lead to cognitive benefits.
✅ Challenging dance programs are thus highly recommended as an effective measure to counteract detrimental effects of aging on the brain.
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Scientists are learning every day how adopting a healthy lifestyle can delay or minimize the negative consequences of brain aging.
Analyzing the role of different physical activities, German researchers decided to compare conventional fitness to…dancing 💃🕺🏻.
❗️The conclusions were impressive: compared to conventional physical exercises, dancing led to larger volume increases in more brain areas, including the cingulate cortex, insula, corpus callosum and sensorimotor cortex.
❗️Only dancing was associated with an increase in plasma Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF, a key mediator of neuronal plasticity in the adult) levels.
✅ Scientists assume that these positive structural brain changes can later lead to cognitive benefits.
✅ Challenging dance programs are thus highly recommended as an effective measure to counteract detrimental effects of aging on the brain.
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Who are you if your eye is as big as your brain?
Meet the tarsier, tiny nocturnal primate from Southeast Asia.
This relatively unknown species is often cited as having huge eyes for their body size.
🔶With a body length of some 10-12 centimeters, the tarsier’s eye width can reach 1,6 centimeters.
🔶Each eye, enormous in proportion to the rest of the body, is the same volume as the animal's brain.
🔶In terms of size the tarsier eyes also rival the eyes of orang-utans, other primates whose body is several dozens of times larger than that of the tarsier.
Mostly active at night, tarsiers lack the reflective feature of most nocturnal animals, so having very large eyes helps to maximize their sensitivity in low light.
Tarsiers are also equipped with stunning jumping, leaping, and climbing skills.
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Meet the tarsier, tiny nocturnal primate from Southeast Asia.
This relatively unknown species is often cited as having huge eyes for their body size.
🔶With a body length of some 10-12 centimeters, the tarsier’s eye width can reach 1,6 centimeters.
🔶Each eye, enormous in proportion to the rest of the body, is the same volume as the animal's brain.
🔶In terms of size the tarsier eyes also rival the eyes of orang-utans, other primates whose body is several dozens of times larger than that of the tarsier.
Mostly active at night, tarsiers lack the reflective feature of most nocturnal animals, so having very large eyes helps to maximize their sensitivity in low light.
Tarsiers are also equipped with stunning jumping, leaping, and climbing skills.
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What are the animals with the largest eyes?
Besides the tarsier, let us present you some other animals that are famous for their huge eyes.
The colossal squid is the record holder in the category of absolute eye size. Each eye of this creature, residing in the deepest waters of the World ocean, is up to 40 centimeters in diameter - the size of a soccer ball. The animal is also the largest invertebrate on the planet.
The ostrich has the largest eyes of any land animal. Their eyes have a diameter of 5 centimeters, making them about the size of a pool ball and five times larger than human’s. The eyes of the ostrich are larger than its brain.
The chameleon isn't just the master of disguise; it has large and the most colorful eyes among the animals. It can rotate its eyes a complete 360 degrees and switch their vision between binocular and monocular.
Owls have extremely large eyes, but they can’t move them. Owls are the only animals that have better night vision than felines.
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Besides the tarsier, let us present you some other animals that are famous for their huge eyes.
The colossal squid is the record holder in the category of absolute eye size. Each eye of this creature, residing in the deepest waters of the World ocean, is up to 40 centimeters in diameter - the size of a soccer ball. The animal is also the largest invertebrate on the planet.
The ostrich has the largest eyes of any land animal. Their eyes have a diameter of 5 centimeters, making them about the size of a pool ball and five times larger than human’s. The eyes of the ostrich are larger than its brain.
The chameleon isn't just the master of disguise; it has large and the most colorful eyes among the animals. It can rotate its eyes a complete 360 degrees and switch their vision between binocular and monocular.
Owls have extremely large eyes, but they can’t move them. Owls are the only animals that have better night vision than felines.
Subscribe- t.me/askmenow
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What are the eclipses and occultations?
✔️An occultation is a complete obscuration of the light of an astronomical body, most commonly a star, by another astronomical body, such as a planet or a satellite, without any interaction between the bodies involved. This is purely apparent and related to the observer. Hence, a total solar eclipse is the occultation of the Sun☀️ by the Moon🌕.
✔️An eclipse is the result of the total or partial masking of a celestial body by another along observers’ line of sight and regardless of their position.
Solar eclipses result from the 🌕 blocking the ☀️ relative to the 🌏; thus 🌏, 🌕 and ☀️ all lie in one line.
Lunar eclipses work the same way in a different order: 🌕, 🌏 and ☀️ all in one line, the Earth’s shadow hiding the Moon from view.
This phenomenon is visible to any observer of the Moon, regardless of its position on the surface of the Earth or in space.
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✔️An occultation is a complete obscuration of the light of an astronomical body, most commonly a star, by another astronomical body, such as a planet or a satellite, without any interaction between the bodies involved. This is purely apparent and related to the observer. Hence, a total solar eclipse is the occultation of the Sun☀️ by the Moon🌕.
✔️An eclipse is the result of the total or partial masking of a celestial body by another along observers’ line of sight and regardless of their position.
Solar eclipses result from the 🌕 blocking the ☀️ relative to the 🌏; thus 🌏, 🌕 and ☀️ all lie in one line.
Lunar eclipses work the same way in a different order: 🌕, 🌏 and ☀️ all in one line, the Earth’s shadow hiding the Moon from view.
This phenomenon is visible to any observer of the Moon, regardless of its position on the surface of the Earth or in space.
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