What are other substances needed for the body’s health?
❗️ Besides carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals and vitamins, in order to be functional the human’s organism also needs water, oxygen, and fiber.
📍 Some scientists include water in the list of basic nutrients. Water makes up more than half of a human body’s weight. It is involved in most body processes, such as the regulation of temperature, the transporting of nutrients into cells, and the elimination of waste products from cells.
📍 Oxygen is not a nutrient, since it is breathed in and not eaten, but it is essential to life. It permits the release of energy from food inside the body.
📍 Fiber is indigestible material found in most plant foods. It adds bulk to the diet, helping to keep the intestines healthy. Fiber-rich foods include whole grains, dried beans, and fresh fruits and vegetables.
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❗️ Besides carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals and vitamins, in order to be functional the human’s organism also needs water, oxygen, and fiber.
📍 Some scientists include water in the list of basic nutrients. Water makes up more than half of a human body’s weight. It is involved in most body processes, such as the regulation of temperature, the transporting of nutrients into cells, and the elimination of waste products from cells.
📍 Oxygen is not a nutrient, since it is breathed in and not eaten, but it is essential to life. It permits the release of energy from food inside the body.
📍 Fiber is indigestible material found in most plant foods. It adds bulk to the diet, helping to keep the intestines healthy. Fiber-rich foods include whole grains, dried beans, and fresh fruits and vegetables.
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How many and what food do we need?
🔺Age, sex, weight, height, and level of activity determine the number of calories a person needs each day. The recommended daily caloric intake for a child aged 11 to 14 can range from 1,600 to 2,600 calories per day. For adults, this can range from 1,800 to about 3,000.
🔺A healthy diet contains a balanced mix of different foods that together provide all essential nutrients.
🔺A food pyramid is a diagram of a healthy diet that shows the number of servings of each food group a person should eat every day.
▪️ Malnutrition is the lack of a balanced diet. Too few or too many nutrients, or an imbalance of nutrients (too many carbohydrates, for instance, and not enough fruits and vegetables) can lead to malnutrition.
▪️ Undernutrition is a form of malnutrition. Usually linked to hunger, it happens when the body does not get enough food to meet its needs. It can cause many diseases and even lead to death, which is called starvation in this context.
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🔺Age, sex, weight, height, and level of activity determine the number of calories a person needs each day. The recommended daily caloric intake for a child aged 11 to 14 can range from 1,600 to 2,600 calories per day. For adults, this can range from 1,800 to about 3,000.
🔺A healthy diet contains a balanced mix of different foods that together provide all essential nutrients.
🔺A food pyramid is a diagram of a healthy diet that shows the number of servings of each food group a person should eat every day.
▪️ Malnutrition is the lack of a balanced diet. Too few or too many nutrients, or an imbalance of nutrients (too many carbohydrates, for instance, and not enough fruits and vegetables) can lead to malnutrition.
▪️ Undernutrition is a form of malnutrition. Usually linked to hunger, it happens when the body does not get enough food to meet its needs. It can cause many diseases and even lead to death, which is called starvation in this context.
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How and when the robot word was invented?
The robot word was conceived in the beginning of 1920 by the Czech writer and playwright Karel Čapek (1855-1938) ⬆️ with the help of his brother Josef ⬆️ (an acclaimed painter, graphic artist, writer and poet), and was introduced in his drama R.U.R. (Rossum’s Universal Robots), published in November, 1920.
One day, riding in an overcrowded tram in Prague, Karel imagined people not as individuals but as machines and during the journey thought about an expression which would describe a human being only able to work but not able to reason.
Discussing the issue with Josef, Karel first wanted to use the Latin word for work, labori, but found it was too literal. Therefore, Josef suggested roboti, drawn from an old Church Slavic word robota, meaning 'servitude' or 'forced labor'.
Since then, and almost immediately, the robot word has become a universal expression in most languages for artificial-intelligence machines, invented by humans.
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The robot word was conceived in the beginning of 1920 by the Czech writer and playwright Karel Čapek (1855-1938) ⬆️ with the help of his brother Josef ⬆️ (an acclaimed painter, graphic artist, writer and poet), and was introduced in his drama R.U.R. (Rossum’s Universal Robots), published in November, 1920.
One day, riding in an overcrowded tram in Prague, Karel imagined people not as individuals but as machines and during the journey thought about an expression which would describe a human being only able to work but not able to reason.
Discussing the issue with Josef, Karel first wanted to use the Latin word for work, labori, but found it was too literal. Therefore, Josef suggested roboti, drawn from an old Church Slavic word robota, meaning 'servitude' or 'forced labor'.
Since then, and almost immediately, the robot word has become a universal expression in most languages for artificial-intelligence machines, invented by humans.
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What were Čapek’s robots?
In the Čapek’s drama R.U.R. robots have distinct differences from robots today.
The play describes the activities of Rossum’s Universal Robots (R.U.R.) company that makes artificial people from man-made synthetic, organic matter.
These beings were created using the latest biology, chemistry and physiology, and are meant to “lack everything but a soul”. They are more artificial biological organisms than machines.
Initially they seem happy to serve humans, but that changes with time, and at the end a hostile robots revolt points to the extinction of the human race, perhaps to be saved by a male robot and a female robot acting as Adam and Eve.
R.U.R. premiered in January 1921, and quickly became famous and influential in both Europe and North America. By 1923, it had been translated into thirty languages and was considered as one of the "classic noscripts" of inter-war science fiction.
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In the Čapek’s drama R.U.R. robots have distinct differences from robots today.
The play describes the activities of Rossum’s Universal Robots (R.U.R.) company that makes artificial people from man-made synthetic, organic matter.
These beings were created using the latest biology, chemistry and physiology, and are meant to “lack everything but a soul”. They are more artificial biological organisms than machines.
Initially they seem happy to serve humans, but that changes with time, and at the end a hostile robots revolt points to the extinction of the human race, perhaps to be saved by a male robot and a female robot acting as Adam and Eve.
R.U.R. premiered in January 1921, and quickly became famous and influential in both Europe and North America. By 1923, it had been translated into thirty languages and was considered as one of the "classic noscripts" of inter-war science fiction.
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What is robotics and its laws?
🤖 Nowadays, robotics is defined as a branch of engineering that embraces conception, design, manufacture and operation of robots. Its objective is to create intelligent machines that can assist humans in a variety of ways.
The word robotics first appeared in Isaac Asimov’s science-fiction story Runaround (1942), in which this American writer also formulated the Three Laws of robotics.
1️⃣ A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.
2️⃣ A robot must obey the orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.
3️⃣ A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Laws.
Later, Asimov added a fourth (or more precisely a Zeroth law) one:
4️⃣ A robot may not harm humanity, or, by inaction, allow humanity to come to harm.
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🤖 Nowadays, robotics is defined as a branch of engineering that embraces conception, design, manufacture and operation of robots. Its objective is to create intelligent machines that can assist humans in a variety of ways.
The word robotics first appeared in Isaac Asimov’s science-fiction story Runaround (1942), in which this American writer also formulated the Three Laws of robotics.
1️⃣ A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.
2️⃣ A robot must obey the orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.
3️⃣ A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Laws.
Later, Asimov added a fourth (or more precisely a Zeroth law) one:
4️⃣ A robot may not harm humanity, or, by inaction, allow humanity to come to harm.
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Why Isaac Asimov is called one of the “Fathers of Robotics”?
American science fiction writer Isaac Asimov (1920-1992) ⬆️ is considered one of the “Fathers of Robotics” not only because he invented the word robotics and positronic robot.
He built a whole universe and unified history promoting the subject of interaction between humans, robots, and moral aspects of such interaction. He showed not only what the future of technology could be, but also that of the humanity. Combined with his care for details and plausible science fiction, that made his work a pillar of modern science fiction. His books influenced a whole span of people, technologies, and so much more.
Without Asimov, the modern world would be very different, and robotics would surely not be where it is today.
ℹ️ He was a very prolific author whose bibliography counts around 500 books.
ℹ️ He was born in a Jewish family in the Soviet Union not far from the city of Smolensk. His family moved to New York in 1923.
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American science fiction writer Isaac Asimov (1920-1992) ⬆️ is considered one of the “Fathers of Robotics” not only because he invented the word robotics and positronic robot.
He built a whole universe and unified history promoting the subject of interaction between humans, robots, and moral aspects of such interaction. He showed not only what the future of technology could be, but also that of the humanity. Combined with his care for details and plausible science fiction, that made his work a pillar of modern science fiction. His books influenced a whole span of people, technologies, and so much more.
Without Asimov, the modern world would be very different, and robotics would surely not be where it is today.
ℹ️ He was a very prolific author whose bibliography counts around 500 books.
ℹ️ He was born in a Jewish family in the Soviet Union not far from the city of Smolensk. His family moved to New York in 1923.
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What were the first modern robots?
🤖 In 1948 the British robotics pioneer, William Grey Walter (1910-1977) invented robots Elmer and Elsie ⬆️ that could mimic life-like behavior using elementary electronics. They were tortoise robots programmed to find their charging stations once they started running low on power.
🤖 In 1954, an American inventor George Devol (1912-2011) created the first digitally operated and programmable robot called the Unimate. In 1961, the first industrial Unimate went into operation in a General Motors automobile factory in New Jersey.
🤖 In 1958 at the Stanford Research Institute, Charles Rosen (1917-2002) led a research team in developing a robot called "Shakey". It was far more advanced than the original Unimate and could wheel around the room, observe the scene with his television "eyes," move across unfamiliar surroundings, and to a certain degree respond to his environment. He was given his name because of his wobbly and clattering movements.
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🤖 In 1948 the British robotics pioneer, William Grey Walter (1910-1977) invented robots Elmer and Elsie ⬆️ that could mimic life-like behavior using elementary electronics. They were tortoise robots programmed to find their charging stations once they started running low on power.
🤖 In 1954, an American inventor George Devol (1912-2011) created the first digitally operated and programmable robot called the Unimate. In 1961, the first industrial Unimate went into operation in a General Motors automobile factory in New Jersey.
🤖 In 1958 at the Stanford Research Institute, Charles Rosen (1917-2002) led a research team in developing a robot called "Shakey". It was far more advanced than the original Unimate and could wheel around the room, observe the scene with his television "eyes," move across unfamiliar surroundings, and to a certain degree respond to his environment. He was given his name because of his wobbly and clattering movements.
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Who is known as the “Father of industrial robotics”?
Although the first robot manipulator was invented by George Devol, many experts called another person the “Father of industrial robotics”.
This “Father” is an American physicist, engineer and entrepreneur Joseph Engelberger (1925-2015) ⬆️.
In the late 1960s, Engelberger acquired Devol's robot patent to modify it into an industrial robot and form a company called Unimation to produce and market the robots.
After leaving Unimation, and seeing his parents age, Engelberger saw an opportunity for robotics to improve the medical field. He founded Transitions Research Corporation in 1984, selling in 1988 the first HelpMate unit-a robot designed to deliver different supplies within hospitals. In the 1990s, over 100 hospitals worldwide were operating HelpMates. This success gained him even more recognition.
Even in his eighties he continued to work in the field of robotics, especially in the sub-field for elderly care.
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Although the first robot manipulator was invented by George Devol, many experts called another person the “Father of industrial robotics”.
This “Father” is an American physicist, engineer and entrepreneur Joseph Engelberger (1925-2015) ⬆️.
In the late 1960s, Engelberger acquired Devol's robot patent to modify it into an industrial robot and form a company called Unimation to produce and market the robots.
After leaving Unimation, and seeing his parents age, Engelberger saw an opportunity for robotics to improve the medical field. He founded Transitions Research Corporation in 1984, selling in 1988 the first HelpMate unit-a robot designed to deliver different supplies within hospitals. In the 1990s, over 100 hospitals worldwide were operating HelpMates. This success gained him even more recognition.
Even in his eighties he continued to work in the field of robotics, especially in the sub-field for elderly care.
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Who is the medieval “Father of robotics”?
While thinking of an answer to this question, one can name an Italian polymath Leonardo da Vinci. But there was another medieval savant that lived before da Vinci and even might have inspired the Italian.
It is Badi al-Zaman Abu al-Izz Ismail ibn al-Razzaz al-Jazari, known as Ismail Al-Jazari (1136-1206) ⬆️.
Born in Cizre (current Turkey) during the Islamic Golden Age, he was a polymath and served as an engineer in the service of the regional rulers, the Artuqids.
In 1206, drawing on a quarter of a century of prodigious output, he gave the world a catalog of his “matchless machines” - The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices.
One of Al-Jazari’s fantastical contraptions is regarded by many to be the first programmable “robot” in history. It was a boat that floated on a lake and entertained guests with 4 robot musicians. ⬆️ The mechanisms animating the drummers could be programmed to play different beats.
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While thinking of an answer to this question, one can name an Italian polymath Leonardo da Vinci. But there was another medieval savant that lived before da Vinci and even might have inspired the Italian.
It is Badi al-Zaman Abu al-Izz Ismail ibn al-Razzaz al-Jazari, known as Ismail Al-Jazari (1136-1206) ⬆️.
Born in Cizre (current Turkey) during the Islamic Golden Age, he was a polymath and served as an engineer in the service of the regional rulers, the Artuqids.
In 1206, drawing on a quarter of a century of prodigious output, he gave the world a catalog of his “matchless machines” - The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices.
One of Al-Jazari’s fantastical contraptions is regarded by many to be the first programmable “robot” in history. It was a boat that floated on a lake and entertained guests with 4 robot musicians. ⬆️ The mechanisms animating the drummers could be programmed to play different beats.
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What do we know about Al-Jazari’s inventions?
🔺 Al-Jazari designed bloodletting devices, fountains, musical automatons; water-raising machines; and machines for measuring.
🔺 One of his most famous devices is an enormous water clock that featured an elephant carrying his driver and a tower filled with creatures ⬆️. Simple water clocks had been used in ancient Egypt and Babylonia, but al-Jazari’s intricate invention clearly expresses his ambition to perfect them. The creatures represent different cultures, like the dragons from China and the elephant of India. Every half hour, the internal mechanisms activate: The bird atop the dome whistles, a man drops a ball into a dragon’s mouth, and the elephant driver strikes the beast’s head.
🔺 Most of his innovations were centuries ahead of the achievements of European science. His work on conical valves—a key component in hydraulic engineering—was first mentioned in Europe more than two centuries later by Leonardo da Vinci.
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🔺 Al-Jazari designed bloodletting devices, fountains, musical automatons; water-raising machines; and machines for measuring.
🔺 One of his most famous devices is an enormous water clock that featured an elephant carrying his driver and a tower filled with creatures ⬆️. Simple water clocks had been used in ancient Egypt and Babylonia, but al-Jazari’s intricate invention clearly expresses his ambition to perfect them. The creatures represent different cultures, like the dragons from China and the elephant of India. Every half hour, the internal mechanisms activate: The bird atop the dome whistles, a man drops a ball into a dragon’s mouth, and the elephant driver strikes the beast’s head.
🔺 Most of his innovations were centuries ahead of the achievements of European science. His work on conical valves—a key component in hydraulic engineering—was first mentioned in Europe more than two centuries later by Leonardo da Vinci.
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What is da Vinci’s Robotic Knight?
🦾 With his innovative, engineering mind, Leonardo da Vinci had many ideas that employed the use of pulleys, weights and gears, three components crucial to many of his automated inventions.
🦾 One of da Vinci’s inventions is his Robotic Knight.
🦾 According to historical sources, it was designed for a pageant in Milan and consisted of a knight suit filled with gears and wheels that were connected to an elaborate pulley and cable system. Through these mechanisms, this Robotic Knight was capable of independent motion - sitting down, standing up, moving its head and lifting its visor.
🦾 Though a full drawing of da Vinci’s robotic knight has never been recovered, a famous modern roboticist Mark Rosheim used several different da Vinci drawings as blueprints to build a prototype of the Robotic knight in 2002, which was able to walk and wave ⬆️. Rosheim also used da Vinci’s designs as inspiration for robots he developed for NASA.
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🦾 With his innovative, engineering mind, Leonardo da Vinci had many ideas that employed the use of pulleys, weights and gears, three components crucial to many of his automated inventions.
🦾 One of da Vinci’s inventions is his Robotic Knight.
🦾 According to historical sources, it was designed for a pageant in Milan and consisted of a knight suit filled with gears and wheels that were connected to an elaborate pulley and cable system. Through these mechanisms, this Robotic Knight was capable of independent motion - sitting down, standing up, moving its head and lifting its visor.
🦾 Though a full drawing of da Vinci’s robotic knight has never been recovered, a famous modern roboticist Mark Rosheim used several different da Vinci drawings as blueprints to build a prototype of the Robotic knight in 2002, which was able to walk and wave ⬆️. Rosheim also used da Vinci’s designs as inspiration for robots he developed for NASA.
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Who invented the first variation of soccer?
Historians suppose that humans could already begin playing variations of early soccer about 4,000 years ago.
So, the game of Kemari was played in Japan as far back as 600 A.D. while other variations of early soccer saw the Native Americans having Pahsaherman, the Indigenous Australians having Marn Grook and the Moari’s having Ki-o-rahi.
However, according to FIFA, the game of Cuju (also Tsu-Chu which translates to “kicking the ball”) originating from China during the period of the Han Dynasty which ruled from 206 B.C. to 220 A.D. is the earliest form of the sport for which there is historical evidence.
Cuju is played on a rectangular field by two teams who have to juggle a leather ball and try to kick the ball into a goal. The use of hands is banned. The Chinese military often used the competitive version of the game as fitness training. There are still teams in China that play it and try to keep the tradition alive.
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Historians suppose that humans could already begin playing variations of early soccer about 4,000 years ago.
So, the game of Kemari was played in Japan as far back as 600 A.D. while other variations of early soccer saw the Native Americans having Pahsaherman, the Indigenous Australians having Marn Grook and the Moari’s having Ki-o-rahi.
However, according to FIFA, the game of Cuju (also Tsu-Chu which translates to “kicking the ball”) originating from China during the period of the Han Dynasty which ruled from 206 B.C. to 220 A.D. is the earliest form of the sport for which there is historical evidence.
Cuju is played on a rectangular field by two teams who have to juggle a leather ball and try to kick the ball into a goal. The use of hands is banned. The Chinese military often used the competitive version of the game as fitness training. There are still teams in China that play it and try to keep the tradition alive.
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How modern soccer was born?
England 🏴 is rightfully considered to be the birthplace of modern soccer.
At the beginning of the 1800s, soccer was already played in 🏴 by the majority of schools and universities.
The problem was that there was no universally accepted set of rules that all games had to follow, and each school or university had its own set of rules. When two teams from different places tried to play against each other, it led to a lot of disagreements and confusion.
Between the 1840s and 1860s multiple attempts at creating a universally accepted set of rules were undertaken.
In October 1863, the Football Association was formed with the merging of 11 London schools and clubs. They met at the Freemason’s Tavern and finally established rules for the game.
The first game under these newly agreed rules was played on 19 December 1863 between Morley’s Barnes team and their neighbors Richmond.
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England 🏴 is rightfully considered to be the birthplace of modern soccer.
At the beginning of the 1800s, soccer was already played in 🏴 by the majority of schools and universities.
The problem was that there was no universally accepted set of rules that all games had to follow, and each school or university had its own set of rules. When two teams from different places tried to play against each other, it led to a lot of disagreements and confusion.
Between the 1840s and 1860s multiple attempts at creating a universally accepted set of rules were undertaken.
In October 1863, the Football Association was formed with the merging of 11 London schools and clubs. They met at the Freemason’s Tavern and finally established rules for the game.
The first game under these newly agreed rules was played on 19 December 1863 between Morley’s Barnes team and their neighbors Richmond.
Subscribe- t.me/askmenow
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