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How biology is subdivided?

🟢 Most scientists agree that biology is subdivided into 3️⃣ major branches.

Botany deals with the study of plants.

Zoology deals with the study of animals.

Microbiology deals with the study of microorganisms.

🟠 But as biology covers a broad range of topics, many (sub)disciplines fall under its umbrella, eg:

✔️Anatomy - denoscription of body structures of various living organisms as revealed by dissection.

✔️Astrobiology - study of the evolution of life in the universe.

✔️Biochemistry

✔️Bioengineering - application of engineering principles to biology and vice versa.

✔️Biophysics employs the principles of physics to understand how biological systems work.

✔️Biotechnology involves using biological systems to develop products.

✔️Ecology studies how organisms interact with their environment.

✔️Genetics – the study of heredity.

✔️Immunology - the study of the immune system.

✔️Physiology - the study of how living things work.

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How old is ecology as a science?

❇️ Ecology
is the study of organisms and how they interact with the environment around them.

❇️ Although scientists have been studying the natural world for centuries, ecology in the modern sense has only been around since the 19th century. Then, scientists began studying how plants functioned, how animals interact with other animals and plants and their effects on the habitats around them.

❇️ The term ecology was coined by the German biologist Ersnt Haeckel (1834-1919) in the late 1860sm.

❇️ The word is derived from the Greek Oikos=Home and logos=study.

❇️ In the 20th century, ecology began gaining popularity in the 1960s, when environmental issues were rising to the forefront of public awareness.

❇️ Today, ecologists study and observe all forms of life and their ecosystems throughout our 🌍. The information they gather continues to affect the future of our planet.

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What are the origins of the term Domino Effect?

✔️ The domino effect
(also known as the ripple effect or domino theory) is a chain reaction that occurs when one event sets off a series of similar, related, or connected events.

✔️ It is a reference to a series of standing dominoes, each of which topples the next, creating a chain reaction.

✔️ The term is often used as a metaphor for cause-and-effect relationships to describe complex situations or events, such as a natural disaster, series of accidents, or financial collapse, that typically happen within a small time frame.

ℹ️ Historically, the term stems from a falling domino theory formed by American 🇺🇸 political establishment and stating that once Communism is allowed to take over a country, other small countries around it are more likely to become Communists.

⚔️ During the 1960s, US 🇺🇸 Presidents repeatedly cited the falling domino principle to justify increasing American military involvement in the Vietnam 🇻🇳 War.

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What is Chaos Theory?

🔘 Chaos theory
is a complicated mathematical theory that seeks to explain the effect of seemingly insignificant factors, chaotic or random occurrences. It is now often applied to various complex systems that could be predictable for a while and then appear to become random.

🔘 Generally understood as a state of confusion, lacking any order, in a scientific context, the word chaos has a slightly different meaning and refers to an apparent lack of order in a system that nevertheless obeys particular laws or rules. This understanding is synonymous with dynamical instability, a condition discovered by the French physicist Henri Poincaré (1854-1912) in the early 20th century that refers to an inherent lack of predictability in some physical systems.

🔘 The 2️⃣ main components of chaos theory are:
☑️ systems - no matter how complex they may be - rely upon an underlying order
☑️ very simple or small systems and events can cause very complex behaviors or events.

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What best illustrates Theory of Chaos?

🦋 Theory of chaos is best illustrated by the butterfly effect, which states that small events can have a large unpredictable influence on the future.

🦋 The butterfly effect was first named by meteorologist and mathematician Edward Lorenz (1917-2008), who was searching for ways to accurately predict the weather and found that mathematical linear models, tracing the path between a cause, A and an effect, B, did not provide accurate predictions. When he changed an initial atmospheric condition by only 0.000127, such a small, seemingly insignificant change caused a model to predict very different future weather conditions.

🦋 Lorenz likened his findings to the idea that a butterfly’s wing flapping represents the tiny change in atmospheric condition that would have the potential to alter the trajectory of a typhoon.

🦋 This metaphor allowed the concept to be taken out of purely scientific discourse and be understood by the general public.

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What is the smallest country of the 10 most densely populated countries?

ℹ️ The countries with the highest population density (a measurement of the average number of people who live in a given area) are also some of the world’s smallest States.

❗️ Here are the 🔟 most densely populated countries:
1️⃣ 🇲🇨Monaco - 19083.37 people per km2
2️⃣ 🇸🇬Singapore - 7953/km2
3️⃣ 🇧🇭Bahrain - 2012.1/km2
4️⃣ 🇲🇻Maldives - 1718.99/km2
5️⃣ 🇲🇹Malta - 1514.47/km2
6️⃣ 🇧🇩Bangladesh - 1239.58/km2
7️⃣ 🇵🇸Palestine - 759/km2
8️⃣ 🇱🇧Lebanon - 669.49/km2
9️⃣ 🇧🇧Barbados - 666.61/km2
🔟 🇳🇷Nauru - 635.2/km2

Monaco

🇲🇨 is not only the most densely populated country in the world but also the smallest on this list with an area of just 1.21 sq. km (0.75 sq. miles).

🇲🇨 is a tiny principality in Europe, on the northern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, surrounded by France.

🇲🇨 has the population of nearly 39 thousand people, which makes it also one of the world’s least populous countries.

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What is the largest country of the 10 most densely populated countries?

Of the 10 most densely populated countries, the largest one is Bangladesh 🇧🇩.

🇧🇩 Bangladesh has an area of 148,460 square kilometres (57,320 sq mi) and is relatively small in comparison to the largest countries. It is bordered to the south by the Bay of Bengal, to the southeast by Burma, and in all other directions by India.

🇧🇩 The country is home to nearly 166 million people.

🇧🇩 Its largest city is its capital, Dhaka, with more than 14.4 million people. Other major cities are Chittagong and Khulna. Most of the population is rural rather than urban.

🇧🇩 It’s home to the world’s largest mangrove forest and to approximately 700 rivers.

🇧🇩 Bangladesh has the nickname ‘The Land of Six Seasons’ for good reason. It really does have six seasons: Summer, Monsoon, Autumn, Late Autumn, Winter and Spring. Each season has distinctive characteristics and the Bengali calendar marks each with a festival.

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What is the world’s smallest country?

Vatican City 🇻🇦is the tiniest country in the world and is just an enclave of the🇮🇹 capital city of Rome .

🇻🇦 is also the smallest monarchy in the world, with head of state, His Holiness the Pope, as well as the smallest city-state with no capital of its own.

🇻🇦Its history dates back to the 4th century when Theodosius I made Christianity the official state religion of the Roman Empire.

🇻🇦 On February 11, 1929, the Lateran Treaty was signed by Italy 🇮🇹 and the Holy See, establishing Vatican City as an independent state. Since then, it has been an independent city-state under Papal control.

🇻🇦 This landlocked country covers an area of 0.49 sq. km. with population of just over 500 and density of around 1,000 per sq. km.

🇻🇦 Vatican is the territory of the Holy See (Sancta Sedes), the headquarters of the Roman Catholic Church, and the seat of the episcopal jurisdiction and the Catholic Church's central government.

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What are top smallest countries by area?

📌 Most of the world's smallest nations are either island States, or tiny countries landlocked in Europe.

📌 From street-sized to giant town-sized, the 13 smallest countries are all under 400 sq. km. and combined area of 3226.51 sq. km.

📌 Most of these tiniest States are dependent on tourism.

1️⃣ 🇻🇦Vatican City - 0.44 km2 (0.17 mi2)
2️⃣ 🇲🇨Monaco - 2.02 km2 (0.78 mi2)
3️⃣ 🇳🇷 Nauru - 21 km2 (8.1 mi2)
4️⃣ 🇹🇻 Tuvalu - 26 km2 (10 mi2)
5️⃣ 🇸🇲 San Marino - 61 km2 (24 mi2)
6️⃣ 🇱🇮 Liechtenstein - 160 km2 (52 mi2)
7️⃣ 🇲🇭 Marshall Islands - 181 km2 (70 mi2)
8️⃣ 🇰🇳 Saint Kitts & Nevis - 261 km2 (101 mi2)
9️⃣ 🇲🇻 Maldives - 298 km2 (115 mi2)
🔟 🇲🇹 Malta - 316 km2 (122 mi2)
1️⃣1️⃣ 🇬🇩 Grenada - 344 km2 (133 mi2)
1️⃣2️⃣ 🇻🇨 St Vincent & the Grenadines - 389 km2 (150 mi2)
1️⃣3️⃣ 🇧🇧 Barbados - 431 km2 (166 mi2)
1️⃣4️⃣ 🇦🇬 Antigua and Barbuda - 443 km2 (171 mi2)
1️⃣5️⃣ 🇸🇨 Seychelles - 455 km2 (176 mi2)

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Why do like poles of a magnet repel each other and unlike poles attract each other?

🧲 Every magnet has a magnetic field around it, which is represented by magnetic lines of force.

🧲 The magnetic lines of force start from the north pole and end at the south pole outside the magnet and and go from the south pole to the north pole inside the magnet.

🧲 The density of the magnetic field lines is higher near the poles where the magnetic force is stronger.

🧲 When two magnets are placed with their like poles facing each other, the lines of force are in opposite directions and hence like poles repel each other. When the unlike poles of a bar magnet face each other the magnetic lines of force are in the same direction and hence unlike poles attract each other.

🧲❗️ℹ️ Magnetic monopoles do not exist in nature. Even if we cut a magnet into two parts, the new poles will always appear in pairs. Hence we cannot separate the north and the south poles of a magnet.
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Why do magnets have north and south poles?

🧭 The most basic answer to this question lies in the behavior of electrons having a property called 'spin' which causes magnetic fields to exert a force on them.

🧭 In a magnet, the spins of the electrons line up so that the small magnetic field produced by each electron's spin adds up into a large magnetic field which can be felt by other charged particles far away. The force of a magnetic field on a particle with spin causes the particle to rotate its spin to align with the magnetic field. Hence a smaller magnet inside a large magnetic field will try to align with that larger magnetic field.

🌏 Earth has its own magnetic field that points approximately in the northern direction. The 🌍 huge magnetic field causes magnets to align north to south. That's why people named them the north and south poles.

🧭❗️ℹ️ As opposite poles attract, technically, the northern magnetic pole on Earth can be also considered a magnetic south pole.

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What is the most expensive sheep in the world?

🐏 🇸🇳 The Ladoum sheep from Senegal is considered to be the most expensive sheep in the world.

It a cross between Mauritanian touabir and Malian bali-bali varieties, and has become an important part of Senegalese culture over the past 20 years of breeding.

Known for their good looks, tall stature, prominent muzzles, and curved horns, they can weigh up to 180 kg (400 pounds) and measure 1.20 meters (4 feet) in height. Some Ladoum look more like small horses than sheep.

Beauty pageants on TV rate ladoum sheep, offering substantial prize money. The winner gets a prize of food and cash—and their sheep becomes much more valuable.

❗️Raised by a select number of breeders, the sheep are in high demand: wealthy Senegalese often pay $10,000, and sometimes significantly more, for a single animal, with records going up to $80,000.

👀 Senegal’s current president, Macky Sall, is rumoured to own several of the animals.

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What are the main differences between boas and pythons?

Classification

🐍Both being non-venomous snakes with very similar appearances to each other, boas belong to the Boidae family while pythons are members of Pythonidae family.

Habitats
🐍Pythons are distributed in Asia and Africa while boas are found both in the new world as well as in the old world.
🐍Generally pythons are considered an "old-world" species and inhabit a rather wide range of habitats, including deserts, while boas are found mainly in South America where they prefer rainforests and love tropical temperatures.

Size and body structure
🐍Generally pythons are larger and longer than boas.
🐍Boa snakes have few bones in their skulls, and they also have fewer teeth compared to pythons.
🐍Pythons have premaxilla bones with teeth on the upper jaw, which lacks in the boa snakes.
The number of bones in the head is higher in python than in boa.

Breeding
🐍Boas give birth to live young while pythons lay eggs.

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What is the heaviest snake?

Green anacondas (Eunectes murinus) are the heaviest snake species on Earth today, with some of them weighing up to 250 kg (550 pounds).

One of the heaviest anaconda ever recorded was 227 kilograms, 8.43 metres long, with a girth of 1.11 metres.

Females are significantly larger than males.

Green anacondas are non-venomous, solitary and found in South America.

They spend most of their time in water and their nostrils and eyes have evolved to be on top of the head, rather than to the sides, so that the snake can breathe and see prey and predators above water while its large body is kept submerged.

Anacondas belong to the Boidae family, use their bodies to constrict their prey and have a varied diet.

Although 'anaconda' is often used to refer to green anacondas, in South America there are 3️⃣ other smaller species: the Bolivian anaconda (Eunectes beniensis), dark-spotted anaconda (Eunectes deschauenseei) and the yellow anaconda (Eunectes notaeus).

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What is the longest snake?

The reticulated python (Malayopython reticulatus) is the longest snake in the world, regularly reaching over 6.25 metres in length. It is the longest of the 39 species in the family Pythonidae.

The longest reticulated python ever recorded was found in 1912 and measured in at a staggering 10 metres.

Reticulated pythons live in southeast Asia and while they are typically found in rainforests, woodland and grasslands, their habitat preference seems to depend on their location.

The color pattern of these snakes is a complex geometric pattern that incorporates different colors. The back typically has a series of irregular diamond shapes flanked by smaller markings with light centers.

Reticulated pythons are solitary carnivores, active mostly throughout the night. They are known to climb trees by firmly wrapping their bodies around the trunks and using muscular upward force.

The main threats to Reticulated pythons come from humans.

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What is the biggest known snake to have ever existed?

A snake that weighs 1.25 tons (1.13 metric tons) isn’t a fictional monster but a real creature that once slithered through the humid forests and rivers of South America.

The giant, boa constrictor-like snake, named Titanoboa cerrejonensis, was the biggest known snake to have ever existed.

Dating back 60 million years, this snake was the prehistoric grandfather of the region’s modern-day anacondas and boas.

Its roughly 250 vertebrae formed a massive 13 m (42.7-foot-long) frame that it would have nourished with crocodiles and river fish. It is estimated to have weighed 1,130 kg (2,500 pounds).

Its fossilized remains were discovered in the early 2000s in the rocks of Colombia 🇨🇴.

ℹ️ As snakes and other cold-blooded animals are limited in body size by the ambient temperature of where they live, according to researchers, this giant snake’s dimensions are a sign that temperatures along the equator were once much higher.

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