مدیکال بیوشیمی pinned «#اخبار کارنامه اولیه آزمون ارشد وزارت بهداشت هفته آینده منتشر خواهد شد. News @class_biochem»
از فنیل استات در درمان کدام اختلال استفاده می شود؟
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Forwarded from Oxford English
Sleep On it
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مدیکال بیوشیمی
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♦️ Glycolysis :
Balance Glycolysis is a catabolic pathway in the cytoplasm that is found in almost #all_organisms, irrespective of whether they live aerobically or anaerobically.
The balance of glycolysis is simple: #glucose is broken down into two molecules of #pyruvate, and in addition two molecules of ATP and two of NADH + H+ are formed. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate and NADH + H+ reach the mitochondria, where they undergo further transformation (aerobic glycolysis).
In anaerobic conditions, #fermentation products such as lactate or ethanol have to be formed in the cytoplasm from pyruvate and NADH + H+, in order to regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue (anaerobic glycolysis).
In the anaerobic state, glycolysis is the only means of obtaining ATP that animal cells have.
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Balance Glycolysis is a catabolic pathway in the cytoplasm that is found in almost #all_organisms, irrespective of whether they live aerobically or anaerobically.
The balance of glycolysis is simple: #glucose is broken down into two molecules of #pyruvate, and in addition two molecules of ATP and two of NADH + H+ are formed. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate and NADH + H+ reach the mitochondria, where they undergo further transformation (aerobic glycolysis).
In anaerobic conditions, #fermentation products such as lactate or ethanol have to be formed in the cytoplasm from pyruvate and NADH + H+, in order to regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue (anaerobic glycolysis).
In the anaerobic state, glycolysis is the only means of obtaining ATP that animal cells have.
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مدیکال بیوشیمی
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Urea cycle
Aminoacids are mainly broken down in the liver. Ammonia is released either directly or indirectly in the process. The degradation of nucleobases also provides significant amounts of ammonia. Ammonia (NH3) is a relatively strong base, and at physiological pH values it is mainly present in the form of the ammonium ion NH4+. NH3 and NH4+ are toxic, and at higher concentrations cause brain damage in particular. Ammonia therefore has to be effectively inactivated and excreted. This can be carried out in various ways. Aquatic animals can excrete NH4+ directly.
For example, fish excrete NH4+ via the gills (ammonotelic animals). Terrestrial vertebrates, including humans, hardly excrete any NH3,andinstead, most ammonia is converted into urea before excretion (ureotelic animals). Birds and reptiles, by contrast, form uric acid, which is mainly excreted as a solid in order to save water (uricotelic animals). The reasons for the neurotoxic effects of ammonia have not yet been explained. It may disturb the metabolism of glutamate and its precursor glutamine in the brain.
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Aminoacids are mainly broken down in the liver. Ammonia is released either directly or indirectly in the process. The degradation of nucleobases also provides significant amounts of ammonia. Ammonia (NH3) is a relatively strong base, and at physiological pH values it is mainly present in the form of the ammonium ion NH4+. NH3 and NH4+ are toxic, and at higher concentrations cause brain damage in particular. Ammonia therefore has to be effectively inactivated and excreted. This can be carried out in various ways. Aquatic animals can excrete NH4+ directly.
For example, fish excrete NH4+ via the gills (ammonotelic animals). Terrestrial vertebrates, including humans, hardly excrete any NH3,andinstead, most ammonia is converted into urea before excretion (ureotelic animals). Birds and reptiles, by contrast, form uric acid, which is mainly excreted as a solid in order to save water (uricotelic animals). The reasons for the neurotoxic effects of ammonia have not yet been explained. It may disturb the metabolism of glutamate and its precursor glutamine in the brain.
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ماکسیمم جذب نور UV مربوط به کدام اسید آمینه است؟
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Forwarded from شیمی آلی (Mohamad Tahma3bi)
پوشش دهی 100%.pdf
2.4 MB
🏆 پوشش دهی 100% کتاب صفرتاصد شیمی آلی موسسه سنا در آزمون ارشد 99 رشته بیوشیمی بالینی
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مهم ترین آنیون و کاتیون برون سلولی کدامند؟
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♦️ با اعلام سازمان سنجش، نتایج اولیه رشته های ارشد پزشکی 99 این هفته اعلام می شود.
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News @class_biochem