Roadmap to become a data analyst

1. Foundation Skills:
•Strengthen Mathematics: Focus on statistics relevant to data analysis.
•Excel Basics: Master fundamental Excel functions and formulas.

2. SQL Proficiency:
•Learn SQL Basics: Understand SELECT statements, JOINs, and filtering.
•Practice Database Queries: Work with databases to retrieve and manipulate data.

3. Excel Advanced Techniques:
•Data Cleaning in Excel: Learn to handle missing data and outliers.
•PivotTables and PivotCharts: Master these powerful tools for data summarization.

4. Data Visualization with Excel:
•Create Visualizations: Learn to build charts and graphs in Excel.
•Dashboard Creation: Understand how to design effective dashboards.

5. Power BI Introduction:
•Install and Explore Power BI: Familiarize yourself with the interface.
•Import Data: Learn to import and transform data using Power BI.

6. Power BI Data Modeling:
•Relationships: Understand and establish relationships between tables.
•DAX (Data Analysis Expressions): Learn the basics of DAX for calculations.

7. Advanced Power BI Features:
•Advanced Visualizations: Explore complex visualizations in Power BI.
•Custom Measures and Columns: Utilize DAX for customized data calculations.

8. Integration of Excel, SQL, and Power BI:
•Importing Data from SQL to Power BI: Practice connecting and importing data.
•Excel and Power BI Integration: Learn how to use Excel data in Power BI.

9. Business Intelligence Best Practices:
•Data Storytelling: Develop skills in presenting insights effectively.
•Performance Optimization: Optimize reports and dashboards for efficiency.

10. Build a Portfolio:
•Showcase Excel Projects: Highlight your data analysis skills using Excel.
•Power BI Projects: Feature Power BI dashboards and reports in your portfolio.

11. Continuous Learning and Certification:
•Stay Updated: Keep track of new features in Excel, SQL, and Power BI.
•Consider Certifications: Obtain relevant certifications to validate your skills.

SQL interview questions with answers 😄👇

1. Question: What is SQL?

Answer: SQL (Structured Query Language) is a programming language designed for managing and manipulating relational databases. It is used to query, insert, update, and delete data in databases.

2. Question: Differentiate between SQL and MySQL.

Answer: SQL is a language for managing relational databases, while MySQL is an open-source relational database management system (RDBMS) that uses SQL as its language.

3. Question: Explain the difference between INNER JOIN and LEFT JOIN.

Answer: INNER JOIN returns rows when there is a match in both tables, while LEFT JOIN returns all rows from the left table and the matched rows from the right table, filling in with NULLs for non-matching rows.

4. Question: How do you remove duplicate records from a table?

Answer: Use the DISTINCT keyword in a SELECT statement to retrieve unique records. For example: SELECT DISTINCT column1, column2 FROM table;

5. Question: What is a subquery in SQL?

Answer: A subquery is a query nested inside another query. It can be used to retrieve data that will be used in the main query as a condition to further restrict the data to be retrieved.

6. Question: Explain the purpose of the GROUP BY clause.

Answer: The GROUP BY clause is used to group rows that have the same values in specified columns into summary rows, like when using aggregate functions such as COUNT, SUM, AVG, etc.

7. Question: How can you add a new record to a table?

Answer: Use the INSERT INTO statement. For example: INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2) VALUES (value1, value2);

8. Question: What is the purpose of the HAVING clause?

Answer: The HAVING clause is used in combination with the GROUP BY clause to filter the results of aggregate functions based on a specified condition.

9. Question: Explain the concept of normalization in databases.

Answer: Normalization is the process of organizing data in a database to reduce redundancy and improve data integrity. It involves breaking down tables into smaller, related tables.

10. Question: How do you update data in a table in SQL?

Answer: Use the UPDATE statement to modify existing records in a table. For example: UPDATE table_name SET column1 = value1 WHERE condition;

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Data Analyst INTERVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
👇👇

1.Can you name the wildcards in Excel?

Ans: There are 3 wildcards in Excel that can ve used in formulas.

Asterisk (*) – 0 or more characters. For example, Ex* could mean Excel, Extra, Expertise, etc.

Question mark (?) – Represents any 1 character. For example, R?ain may mean Rain or Ruin.

Tilde (~) – Used to identify a wildcard character (~, *, ?). For example, If you need to find the exact phrase India* in a list. If you use India* as the search string, you may get any word with India at the beginning followed by different characters (such as Indian, Indiana). If you have to look for India” exclusively, use ~.

Hence, the search string will be india~*. ~ is used to ensure that the spreadsheet reads the following character as is, and not as a wildcard.


2.What is cascading filter in tableau?

Ans: Cascading filters can also be understood as giving preference to a particular filter and then applying other filters on previously filtered data source. Right-click on the filter you want to use as a main filter and make sure it is set as all values in dashboard then select the subsequent filter and select only relevant values to cascade the filters. This will improve the performance of the dashboard as you have decreased the time wasted in running all the filters over complete data source.


3.What is the difference between .twb and .twbx extension?

Ans:
A .twb file contains information on all the sheets, dashboards and stories, but it won’t contain any information regarding data source. Whereas .twbx file contains all the sheets, dashboards, stories and also compressed data sources. For saving a .twbx extract needs to be performed on the data source. If we forward .twb file to someone else than they will be able to see the worksheets and dashboards but won’t be able to look into the dataset.


4.What are the various Power BI versions?

Power BI Premium capacity-based license, for example, allows users with a free license to act on content in workspaces with Premium capacity. A user with a free license can only use the Power BI service to connect to data and produce reports and dashboards in My Workspace outside of Premium capacity. They are unable to exchange material or publish it in other workspaces. To process material, a Power BI license with a free or Pro per-user license only uses a shared and restricted capacity. Users with a Power BI Pro license can only work with other Power BI Pro users if the material is stored in that shared capacity. They may consume user-generated information, post material to app workspaces, share dashboards, and subscribe to dashboards and reports. Pro users can share material with users who don’t have a Power BI Pro subnoscription while workspaces are at Premium capacity.

ENJOY LEARNING 👍👍

1. What data sources can Power BI connect to?

Ans: The list of data sources for Power BI is extensive, but it can be grouped into the following:
Files: Data can be imported from Excel (.xlsx, xlxm), Power BI Desktop files (.pbix) and Comma Separated Value (.csv).
Content Packs: It is a collection of related documents or files that are stored as a group. In Power BI, there are two types of content packs, firstly those from services providers like Google Analytics, Marketo, or Salesforce, and secondly those created and shared by other users in your organization.
Connectors to databases and other datasets such as Azure SQL, Database and SQL, Server Analysis Services tabular data, etc.


2. What are the different integrity rules present in the DBMS?

The different integrity rules present in DBMS are as follows:
Entity Integrity: This rule states that the value of the primary key can never be NULL. So, all the tuples in the column identified as the primary key should have a value.
Referential Integrity: This rule states that either the value of the foreign key is NULL or it should be the primary key of any other relation.


3. What are some common clauses used with SELECT query in SQL?

Some common SQL clauses used in conjuction with a SELECT query are as follows:
WHERE clause in SQL is used to filter records that are necessary, based on specific conditions.
ORDER BY clause in SQL is used to sort the records based on some field(s) in ascending (ASC) or descending order (DESC).
GROUP BY clause in SQL is used to group records with identical data and can be used in conjunction with some aggregation functions to produce summarized results from the database.
HAVING clause in SQL is used to filter records in combination with the GROUP BY clause. It is different from WHERE, since the WHERE clause cannot filter aggregated records.


4. What is the difference between count, counta, and countblank in Excel?

The count function is very often used in Excel. Here, let’s look at the difference between count, and it’s variants - counta and countblank.

1. COUNT
It counts the number of cells that contain numeric values only. Cells that have string values, special characters, and blank cells will not be counted.

2. COUNTA
It counts the number of cells that contain any form of content. Cells that have string values, special characters, and numeric values will be counted. However, a blank cell will not be counted.

3. COUNTBLANK
As the name suggests, it counts the number of blank cells only. Cells that have content will not be taken into consideration.

Excel interview questions for both data analysts and business analysts

1) What are the basic functions of Microsoft Excel?
2) Explain the difference between a workbook and a worksheet.
3) How would you freeze panes in Excel?
4) Can you name some common keyboard shortcuts in Excel?
5) What is the purpose of VLOOKUP and HLOOKUP?
7) How do you remove duplicate values in Excel?
8) Explain the steps to filter data in Excel.
9) What is the significance of the "IF" function in Excel, and can you provide an example of its use?
10) How would you create a pivot table in Excel?
11) Explain the use of the CONCATENATE function in Excel.
12) How do you create a chart in Excel?
13) Explain the difference between a line chart and a scatter plot.
14) What is conditional formatting, and how can it be applied in Excel?
15) How would you create a dynamic chart that updates with new data?
16) What is the INDEX-MATCH function, and how is it different from VLOOKUP?
17) Can you explain the concept of "PivotTables" and when you would use them?
18) How do you use the "COUNTIF" and "SUMIF" functions in Excel?
19) Explain the purpose of the "What-If Analysis" tools in Excel.
20) What are array formulas, and can you provide an example of their use?

Business Analysis Specific:

1) How would you analyze a set of sales data to identify trends and insights?
2) Explain how you might use Excel to perform financial modeling.
3) What Excel features would you use for forecasting and budgeting?
4) How do you handle large datasets in Excel, and what tools or techniques do you use for optimization?
5) What are some common techniques for cleaning and validating data in Excel?
6) How do you identify and handle errors in a dataset using Excel?

Scenario-based Questions:

1) Imagine you have a dataset with missing values. How would you approach this problem in Excel?
2) You are given a dataset with multiple sheets. How would you consolidate the data for analysis?

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🔑5 Key SQL Aggregate Functions for data analyst

⌛️ SUM(): Adds up all the values in a numeric column.

⌛️ AVG(): Calculates the average of a numeric column.

⌛️ COUNT(): Counts the total number of rows or non-NULL values in a column.

⌛️MAX(): Returns the highest value in a column.

⌛️MIN(): Returns the lowest value in a column.

A step-by-step guide to land a job as a data analyst

Landing your first data analyst job is toughhhhh.

Here are 11 tips to make it easier:

- Master SQL.
- Next, learn a BI tool.
- Drink lots of tea or coffee.
- Tackle relevant data projects.
- Create a relevant data portfolio.
- Focus on actionable data insights.
- Remember imposter syndrome is normal.
- Find ways to prove you’re a problem-solver.
- Develop compelling data visualization stories.
- Engage with LinkedIn posts from fellow analysts.
- Illustrate your analytical impact with metrics & KPIs.
- Share your career story & insights via LinkedIn posts.

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My best friend for pulling data from a database: SQL

My best friend for building reports: Power BI

My best friend for an ad-hoc data request: pivot tables

My best friend for when I’m trying to do something I’ve never done before: YouTube

My best friend when I run into an error: Google

My best friend when I’m so tired I can’t focus on anything: a nap

Goldman Sachs senior data analyst interview asked questions

SQL

1 find avg of salaries department wise from table
2 Write a SQL query to see employee name and manager name using a self-join on 'employees' table with columns 'emp_id', 'name', and 'manager_id'.
3 newest joinee for every department (solved using lead lag)

POWER BI

1. What does Filter context in DAX mean?
2. Explain how to implement Row-Level Security (RLS) in Power BI.
3. Describe different types of filters in Power BI.
4. Explain the difference between 'ALL' and 'ALLSELECTED' in DAX.
5. How do you calculate the total sales for a specific product using DAX?

PYTHON

1. Create a dictionary, add elements to it, modify an element, and then print the dictionary in alphabetical order of keys.
2. Find unique values in a list of assorted numbers and print the count of how many times each value is repeated.
3. Find and print duplicate values in a list of assorted numbers, along with the number of times each value is repeated.

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Data Analyst Interview Questions 👇

1.How to create filters in Power BI?

Filters are an integral part of Power BI reports. They are used to slice and dice the data as per the dimensions we want. Filters are created in a couple of ways.

Using Slicers: A slicer is a visual under Visualization Pane. This can be added to the design view to filter our reports. When a slicer is added to the design view, it requires a field to be added to it. For example- Slicer can be added for Country fields. Then the data can be filtered based on countries.
Using Filter Pane: The Power BI team has added a filter pane to the reports, which is a single space where we can add different fields as filters. And these fields can be added depending on whether you want to filter only one visual(Visual level filter), or all the visuals in the report page(Page level filters), or applicable to all the pages of the report(report level filters)


2.How to sort data in Power BI?

Sorting is available in multiple formats. In the data view, a common sorting option of alphabetical order is there. Apart from that, we have the option of Sort by column, where one can sort a column based on another column. The sorting option is available in visuals as well. Sort by ascending and descending option by the fields and measure present in the visual is also available.


3.How to convert pdf to excel?

Open the PDF document you want to convert in XLSX format in Acrobat DC.
Go to the right pane and click on the “Export PDF” option.
Choose spreadsheet as the Export format.
Select “Microsoft Excel Workbook.”
Now click “Export.”
Download the converted file or share it.


4. How to enable macros in excel?

Click the file tab and then click “Options.”
A dialog box will appear. In the “Excel Options” dialog box, click on the “Trust Center” and then “Trust Center Settings.”
Go to the “Macro Settings” and select “enable all macros.”
Click OK to apply the macro settings.

Expand your job search to increase your chances of becoming a data analyst.

Here are alternative roles to explore:

1. 𝗕𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘀 𝗔𝗻𝗮𝗹𝘆𝘀𝘁: Focuses on using data to improve business processes and decision-making.
   
2. 𝗢𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 𝗔𝗻𝗮𝗹𝘆𝘀𝘁: Specializes in analyzing operational data to optimize efficiency and performance.
   
3. 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗸𝗲𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗔𝗻𝗮𝗹𝘆𝘀𝘁: Uses data to drive marketing strategies and measure campaign effectiveness.
   
4. 𝗙𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝗔𝗻𝗮𝗹𝘆𝘀𝘁: Analyzes financial data to support investment decisions and financial planning.
   
5. 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁 𝗔𝗻𝗮𝗹𝘆𝘀𝘁: Evaluates product performance and user data to help product development.
   
6. 𝗥𝗲𝘀𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗰𝗵 𝗔𝗻𝗮𝗹𝘆𝘀𝘁: Conducts data-driven research to support strategic decisions and policy development.
   
7. 𝗕𝗜 𝗔𝗻𝗮𝗹𝘆𝘀𝘁: Transforms data into actionable business insights through reporting and visualization.
   
8. 𝗤𝘂𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗶𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗔𝗻𝗮𝗹𝘆𝘀𝘁: Utilizes statistical and mathematical models to analyze large datasets, often in finance.
   
9. 𝗖𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗺𝗲𝗿 𝗜𝗻𝘀𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘁𝘀 𝗔𝗻𝗮𝗹𝘆𝘀𝘁: Analyzes customer data to improve customer experience and drive retention.
   
10. 𝗗𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘂𝗹𝘁𝗮𝗻𝘁: Provides expert advice on data strategies, data management, and analytics to organizations.
   
11. 𝗦𝘂𝗽𝗽𝗹𝘆 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗶𝗻 𝗔𝗻𝗮𝗹𝘆𝘀𝘁: Analyzes supply chain data to optimize logistics, reduce costs, and improve efficiency.
   
12. 𝗛𝗥 𝗔𝗻𝗮𝗹𝘆𝘀𝘁: Uses data to improve human resources processes, from recruitment to employee retention and performance management.

Data Analyst Roadmap 👇👇
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Here's a list of commonly asked data analyst interview questions:

1. Tell me about yourself : This is often the opener, allowing you to summarize your background, skills, and experiences.

2. What is the difference between data analytics and data science?: Be ready to explain these terms and how they differ.

3. Describe a typical data analysis process you follow: Walk through steps like data collection, cleaning, analysis, and interpretation.

4. What programming languages are you proficient in?: Typically SQL, Python, R are common; mention any others you're familiar with.

5. How do you handle missing or incomplete data?: Discuss methods like imputation or excluding records based on criteria.

6. Explain a time when you used data to solve a problem: Provide a detailed example showcasing your analytical skills.

7. What data visualization tools have you used?: Tableau, Power BI, or others; discuss your experience.

8. How do you ensure the quality and accuracy of your analytical work?: Mention techniques like validation, peer reviews, or data audits.

9. What is your approach to presenting complex data findings to non-technical stakeholders?: Highlight your communication skills and ability to simplify complex information.

10. Describe a challenging data project you've worked on: Explain the project, challenges faced, and how you overcame them.

11. How do you stay updated with the latest trends in data analytics?: Talk about blogs, courses, or communities you follow.

12. What statistical techniques are you familiar with?: Regression, clustering, hypothesis testing, etc.; explain when you've used them.

13. How would you assess the effectiveness of a new data model?: Discuss metrics like accuracy, precision, recall, etc.

14. Give an example of a time when you dealt with a large dataset: Explain how you managed and processed the data efficiently.

15. Why do you want to work for this company?: Tailor your response to highlight why their industry or culture appeals to you

SQL Interview Questions with Answers

1. How to change a table name in SQL?
This is the command to change a table name in SQL:
ALTER TABLE table_name
RENAME TO new_table_name;
We will start off by giving the keywords ALTER TABLE, then we will follow it up by giving the original name of the table, after that, we will give in the keywords RENAME TO and finally, we will give the new table name.

2. How to use LIKE in SQL?
The LIKE operator checks if an attribute value matches a given string pattern. Here is an example of LIKE operator
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE first_name like ‘Steven’;
With this command, we will be able to extract all the records where the first name is like “Steven”.

3. If we drop a table, does it also drop related objects like constraints, indexes, columns, default, views and sorted procedures?
Yes, SQL server drops all related objects, which exists inside a table like constraints, indexes, columns, defaults etc. But dropping a table will not drop views and sorted procedures as they exist outside the table.

4. Explain SQL Constraints.
SQL Constraints are used to specify the rules of data type in a table. They can be specified while creating and altering the table. The following are the constraints in SQL: NOT NULL CHECK DEFAULT UNIQUE PRIMARY KEY FOREIGN KEY

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