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Data Science & Machine Learning
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1: How would you preprocess and tokenize text data from tweets for sentiment analysis? Discuss potential challenges and solutions.

- Answer: Preprocessing and tokenizing text data for sentiment analysis involves tasks like lowercasing, removing stop words, and stemming or lemmatization. Handling challenges like handling emojis, slang, and noisy text is crucial. Tools like NLTK or spaCy can assist in these tasks.


2: Explain the collaborative filtering approach in building recommendation systems. How might Twitter use this to enhance user experience?

- Answer: Collaborative filtering recommends items based on user preferences and similarities. Techniques include user-based or item-based collaborative filtering and matrix factorization. Twitter could leverage user interactions to recommend tweets, users, or topics.


3: Write a Python or Scala function to count the frequency of hashtags in a given collection of tweets.

- Answer (Python):

     def count_hashtags(tweet_collection):
hashtags_count = {}
for tweet in tweet_collection:
hashtags = [word for word in tweet.split() if word.startswith('#')]
for hashtag in hashtags:
hashtags_count[hashtag] = hashtags_count.get(hashtag, 0) + 1
return hashtags_count


4: How does graph analysis contribute to understanding user interactions and content propagation on Twitter? Provide a specific use case.

- Answer: Graph analysis on Twitter involves examining user interactions. For instance, identifying influential users or detecting communities based on retweet or mention networks. Algorithms like PageRank or Louvain Modularity can aid in these analyses.
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7 Baby steps to start with Machine Learning:

1. Start with Python
2. Learn to use Google Colab
3. Take a Pandas tutorial
4. Then a Seaborn tutorial
5. Decision Trees are a good first algorithm
6. Finish Kaggle's "Intro to Machine Learning"
7. Solve the Titanic challenge
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Question 1 : How would you approach building a recommendation system for personalized content on Facebook? Consider factors like scalability and user privacy.

- Answer: Building a recommendation system for personalized content on Facebook would involve collaborative filtering or content-based methods. Scalability can be achieved using distributed computing, and user privacy can be preserved through techniques like federated learning.


Question 2 : Describe a situation where you had to navigate conflicting opinions within your team. How did you facilitate resolution and maintain team cohesion?

- Answer: In navigating conflicting opinions within a team, I facilitated resolution through open communication, active listening, and finding common ground. Prioritizing team cohesion was key to achieving consensus.


Question 3 : How would you enhance the security of user data on Facebook, considering the evolving landscape of cybersecurity threats?

- Answer: Enhancing the security of user data on Facebook involves implementing robust encryption mechanisms, access controls, and regular security audits. Ensuring compliance with privacy regulations and proactive threat monitoring are essential.

Question 4 : Design a real-time notification system for Facebook, ensuring timely delivery of notifications to users across various platforms.

- Answer: Designing a real-time notification system for Facebook requires technologies like WebSocket for real-time communication and push notifications. Ensuring scalability and reliability through distributed systems is crucial for timely delivery.
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Here are 10 acronyms related to Data Science
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1. What do you understand by the term silhouette coefficient?

The silhouette coefficient is a measure of how well clustered together a data point is with respect to the other points in its cluster. It is a measure of how similar a point is to the points in its own cluster, and how dissimilar it is to the points in other clusters. The silhouette coefficient ranges from -1 to 1, with 1 being the best possible score and -1 being the worst possible score.


2. What is the difference between trend and seasonality in time series?

Trends and seasonality are two characteristics of time series metrics that break many models. Trends are continuous increases or decreases in a metric’s value. Seasonality, on the other hand, reflects periodic (cyclical) patterns that occur in a system, usually rising above a baseline and then decreasing again.


3. What is Bag of Words in NLP?

Bag of Words is a commonly used model that depends on word frequencies or occurrences to train a classifier. This model creates an occurrence matrix for documents or sentences irrespective of its grammatical structure or word order.


4. What is the difference between bagging and boosting?

Bagging is a homogeneous weak learners’ model that learns from each other independently in parallel and combines them for determining the model average. Boosting is also a homogeneous weak learners’ model but works differently from Bagging. In this model, learners learn sequentially and adaptively to improve model predictions of a learning algorithm

5. What do you understand by the F1 score?

The F1 score represents the measurement of a model's performance. It is referred to as a weighted average of the precision and recall of a model. The results tending to 1 are considered as the best, and those tending to 0 are the worst. It could be used in classification tests, where true negatives don't matter much.

6. How to create ATS- friendly Resume?

https://www.linkedin.com/posts/sql-analysts_resume-templates-activity-7137312110321057792-zxPh

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Coding Projects in Python
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https://news.1rj.ru/str/leadcoding/3
Master AI (Artificial Intelligence) in 10 days 👇👇

#AI

Day 1: Introduction to AI
- Start with an overview of what AI is and its various applications.
- Read articles or watch videos explaining the basics of AI.

Day 2-3: Machine Learning Fundamentals
- Learn the basics of machine learning, including supervised and unsupervised learning.
- Study concepts like data, features, labels, and algorithms.

Day 4-5: Deep Learning
- Dive into deep learning, understanding neural networks and their architecture.
- Learn about popular deep learning frameworks like TensorFlow or PyTorch.

Day 6: Natural Language Processing (NLP)
- Explore the basics of NLP, including tokenization, sentiment analysis, and named entity recognition.

Day 7: Computer Vision
- Study computer vision, including image recognition, object detection, and convolutional neural networks.

Day 8: AI Ethics and Bias
- Explore the ethical considerations in AI and the issue of bias in AI algorithms.

Day 9: AI Tools and Resources
- Familiarize yourself with AI development tools and platforms.
- Learn how to access and use AI datasets and APIs.

Day 10: AI Project
- Work on a small AI project. For example, build a basic chatbot, create an image classifier, or analyze a dataset using AI techniques.

Free Resources: https://news.1rj.ru/str/machinelearning_deeplearning

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Q1: How would you analyze time series data to forecast production rates for a manufacturing unit? 

Ans: I'd use tools like Prophet for time series forecasting. After decomposing the data to identify trends and seasonality, I'd build a model to forecast production rates.


Q2: Describe a situation where you had to design a data warehousing solution for large-scale manufacturing data. 

Ans: For a project with multiple manufacturing units, I designed a star schema with a central fact table and surrounding dimension tables to allow for efficient querying.

Q3: How would you use data to identify bottlenecks in a production line? 

Ans:  I'd analyze production metrics, time logs, and machine efficiency data to identify stages in the production line with delays or reduced output, pinpointing potential bottlenecks.

Q4: How do you ensure data accuracy and consistency in a manufacturing environment with multiple data sources?

Ans: I'd implement data validation checks, use standardized data collection protocols across units, and set up regular data reconciliation processes to ensure accuracy and consistency.
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1. How can you assess a good logistic model?

A. An approach to determining the goodness of fit is through the Homer-Lemeshow statistics, which is computed on data after the observations have been segmented into groups based on having similar predicted probabilities. It examines whether the observed proportions of events are similar to the predicted probabilities of occurrence in subgroups of the data set using a Pearson chi-square test. Small values with large p-values indicate a good fit to the data while large values with p-values below 0.05 indicate a poor fit. The null hypothesis holds that the model fits the data and in the below example we would reject H0.


2. What is bias, variance trade off ?

A. Bias is the difference between the average prediction of our model and the correct value which we are trying to predict. Variance is the variability of model prediction for a given data point or a value which tells us spread of our data. If our model is too simple and has very few parameters then it may have high bias and low variance. On the other hand if our model has large number of parameters then it’s going to have high variance and low bias. So we need to find the right/good balance without overfitting and underfitting the data. This tradeoff in complexity is why there is a tradeoff between bias and variance. An algorithm can’t be more complex and less complex at the same time.


3. Why is mean square error a bad measure of model performance?

A. A disadvantage of the mean-squared error is that it is not very interpretable because MSEs vary depending on the prediction task and thus cannot be compared across different tasks. Assume, for example, that one prediction task is concerned with estimating the weight of trucks and another is concerned with estimating the weight of apples. Then, in the first task, a good model may have an RMSE of 100 kg, while a good model for the second task may have an RMSE of 0.5 kg. Therefore, while RMSE is viable for model selection, it is rarely reported and R2 is used instead.


4. How can the outlier values be treated

A. Below are some of the methods of treating the outliers

Trimming/removing the outlier: In this technique, we remove the outliers from the dataset.
Quantile based flooring and capping : In this technique, the outlier is capped at a certain value above the 90th percentile value or floored at a factor below the 10th percentile value.
Mean/Median imputation : As the mean value is highly influenced by the outliers, it is advised to replace the outliers with the median value.


5. What is a confusion matrix?

A. A confusion matrix is a method of summarising a classification algorithm's performance. Calculating a confusion matrix can help you understand what your classification model is getting right and where it is going wrong. It gives us: “true positive” for correctly predicted event values, “false positive” for incorrectly predicted event values, “true negative” for correctly predicted no-event values, “false negative” for incorrectly predicted no-event values.
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1. What are the uses of using RNN in NLP?

The RNN is a stateful neural network, which means that it not only retains information from the previous layer but also from the previous pass. Thus, this neuron is said to have connections between passes, and through time.
For the RNN the order of the input matters due to being stateful. The same words with different orders will yield different outputs.
RNN can be used for unsegmented, connected applications such as handwriting recognition or speech recognition.

2. How to remove values to a python array?

Ans: Array elements can be removed using pop() or remove() method. The difference between these two functions is that the former returns the deleted value whereas the latter does not.

3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of views in the database?

Answer: Advantages of Views:
As there is no physical location where the data in the view is stored, it generates output without wasting resources.
Data access is restricted as it does not allow commands like insertion, updation, and deletion.
Disadvantages of Views:
The view becomes irrelevant if we drop a table related to that view.
Much memory space is occupied when the view is created for large tables.

4. Describe the Difference Between Window Functions and Aggregate Functions in SQL.

The main difference between window functions and aggregate functions is that aggregate functions group multiple rows into a single result row; all the individual rows in the group are collapsed and their individual data is not shown. On the other hand, window functions produce a result for each individual row. This result is usually shown as a new column value in every row within the window.

5. What is Ribbon in Excel and where does it appear?

The Ribbon is basically your key interface with Excel and it appears at the top of the Excel window. It allows users to access many of the most important commands directly. It consists of many tabs such as File, Home, View, Insert, etc. You can also customize the ribbon to suit your preferences. To customize the Ribbon, right-click on it and select the “Customize the Ribbon” option.
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10 commonly asked data science interview questions

1️⃣ What is the difference between supervised and unsupervised learning?
2️⃣ Explain the bias-variance tradeoff in machine learning.
3️⃣ What is the Central Limit Theorem and why is it important in statistics?
4️⃣ Describe the process of feature selection and why it is important in machine learning.
5️⃣ What is the difference between overfitting and underfitting in machine learning? How do you address them?
6️⃣ What is regularization and why is it used in machine learning?
7️⃣ How do you handle missing data in a dataset?
8️⃣ What is the difference between classification and regression in machine learning?
9️⃣ Explain the concept of cross-validation and why it is used.
🔟 What evaluation metrics would you use to evaluate a binary classification model?

Answers for these questions are posted here: https://news.1rj.ru/str/DataScienceInterviews/2

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Essential Topics to Master Data Science Interviews: 🚀

SQL:
1. Foundations
- Craft SELECT statements with WHERE, ORDER BY, GROUP BY, HAVING
- Embrace Basic JOINS (INNER, LEFT, RIGHT, FULL)
- Navigate through simple databases and tables

2. Intermediate SQL
- Utilize Aggregate functions (COUNT, SUM, AVG, MAX, MIN)
- Embrace Subqueries and nested queries
- Master Common Table Expressions (WITH clause)
- Implement CASE statements for logical queries

3. Advanced SQL
- Explore Advanced JOIN techniques (self-join, non-equi join)
- Dive into Window functions (OVER, PARTITION BY, ROW_NUMBER, RANK, DENSE_RANK, lead, lag)
- Optimize queries with indexing
- Execute Data manipulation (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE)

Python:
1. Python Basics
- Grasp Syntax, variables, and data types
- Command Control structures (if-else, for and while loops)
- Understand Basic data structures (lists, dictionaries, sets, tuples)
- Master Functions, lambda functions, and error handling (try-except)
- Explore Modules and packages

2. Pandas & Numpy
- Create and manipulate DataFrames and Series
- Perfect Indexing, selecting, and filtering data
- Handle missing data (fillna, dropna)
- Aggregate data with groupby, summarizing data
- Merge, join, and concatenate datasets

3. Data Visualization with Python
- Plot with Matplotlib (line plots, bar plots, histograms)
- Visualize with Seaborn (scatter plots, box plots, pair plots)
- Customize plots (sizes, labels, legends, color palettes)
- Introduction to interactive visualizations (e.g., Plotly)

Excel:
1. Excel Essentials
- Conduct Cell operations, basic formulas (SUMIFS, COUNTIFS, AVERAGEIFS, IF, AND, OR, NOT & Nested Functions etc.)
- Dive into charts and basic data visualization
- Sort and filter data, use Conditional formatting

2. Intermediate Excel
- Master Advanced formulas (V/XLOOKUP, INDEX-MATCH, nested IF)
- Leverage PivotTables and PivotCharts for summarizing data
- Utilize data validation tools
- Employ What-if analysis tools (Data Tables, Goal Seek)

3. Advanced Excel
- Harness Array formulas and advanced functions
- Dive into Data Model & Power Pivot
- Explore Advanced Filter, Slicers, and Timelines in Pivot Tables
- Create dynamic charts and interactive dashboards

Power BI:
1. Data Modeling in Power BI
- Import data from various sources
- Establish and manage relationships between datasets
- Grasp Data modeling basics (star schema, snowflake schema)

2. Data Transformation in Power BI
- Use Power Query for data cleaning and transformation
- Apply advanced data shaping techniques
- Create Calculated columns and measures using DAX

3. Data Visualization and Reporting in Power BI
- Craft interactive reports and dashboards
- Utilize Visualizations (bar, line, pie charts, maps)
- Publish and share reports, schedule data refreshes

Statistics Fundamentals:
- Mean, Median, Mode
- Standard Deviation, Variance
- Probability Distributions, Hypothesis Testing
- P-values, Confidence Intervals
- Correlation, Simple Linear Regression
- Normal Distribution, Binomial Distribution, Poisson Distribution.

Show some ❤️ if you're ready to elevate your data science game! 📊

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