Basics of Machine Learning 👇👇
Free Resources to learn Machine Learning: https://news.1rj.ru/str/free4unow_backup/587
Machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence where computers learn from data to make decisions without explicit programming. There are three main types:
1. Supervised Learning: The algorithm is trained on a labeled dataset, learning to map input to output. For example, it can predict housing prices based on features like size and location.
2. Unsupervised Learning: The algorithm explores data patterns without explicit labels. Clustering is a common task, grouping similar data points. An example is customer segmentation for targeted marketing.
3. Reinforcement Learning: The algorithm learns by interacting with an environment. It receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties, improving its actions over time. Gaming AI and robotic control are applications.
Key concepts include:
- Features and Labels: Features are input variables, and labels are the desired output. The model learns to map features to labels during training.
- Training and Testing: The model is trained on a subset of data and then tested on unseen data to evaluate its performance.
- Overfitting and Underfitting: Overfitting occurs when a model is too complex and fits the training data too closely, performing poorly on new data. Underfitting happens when the model is too simple and fails to capture the underlying patterns.
- Algorithms: Different algorithms suit various tasks. Common ones include linear regression for predicting numerical values, and decision trees for classification tasks.
In summary, machine learning involves training models on data to make predictions or decisions. Supervised learning uses labeled data, unsupervised learning finds patterns in unlabeled data, and reinforcement learning learns through interaction with an environment. Key considerations include features, labels, overfitting, underfitting, and choosing the right algorithm for the task.
Join @datasciencefun for more
ENJOY LEARNING 👍👍
Free Resources to learn Machine Learning: https://news.1rj.ru/str/free4unow_backup/587
Machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence where computers learn from data to make decisions without explicit programming. There are three main types:
1. Supervised Learning: The algorithm is trained on a labeled dataset, learning to map input to output. For example, it can predict housing prices based on features like size and location.
2. Unsupervised Learning: The algorithm explores data patterns without explicit labels. Clustering is a common task, grouping similar data points. An example is customer segmentation for targeted marketing.
3. Reinforcement Learning: The algorithm learns by interacting with an environment. It receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties, improving its actions over time. Gaming AI and robotic control are applications.
Key concepts include:
- Features and Labels: Features are input variables, and labels are the desired output. The model learns to map features to labels during training.
- Training and Testing: The model is trained on a subset of data and then tested on unseen data to evaluate its performance.
- Overfitting and Underfitting: Overfitting occurs when a model is too complex and fits the training data too closely, performing poorly on new data. Underfitting happens when the model is too simple and fails to capture the underlying patterns.
- Algorithms: Different algorithms suit various tasks. Common ones include linear regression for predicting numerical values, and decision trees for classification tasks.
In summary, machine learning involves training models on data to make predictions or decisions. Supervised learning uses labeled data, unsupervised learning finds patterns in unlabeled data, and reinforcement learning learns through interaction with an environment. Key considerations include features, labels, overfitting, underfitting, and choosing the right algorithm for the task.
Join @datasciencefun for more
ENJOY LEARNING 👍👍
👍6❤4🥰1👏1
Free Books, Courses & Certificates to learn Data Analytics & Data Science for beginners
Free Courses, Projects & Internship for data analytics
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Free courses to learn Data Science in 2023
Complete Roadmap with Free Resources to become a data analyst
Free Resources to learn Python
Free Certification Courses from Microsoft to try in 2023
Share our channel for more free resources: https://news.1rj.ru/str/udacityfreecourse
#datascience #dataanalytics
Free Courses, Projects & Internship for data analytics
FREE Data Analytics Online Courses from Udacity
Free courses to learn Data Science in 2023
Complete Roadmap with Free Resources to become a data analyst
Free Resources to learn Python
Free Certification Courses from Microsoft to try in 2023
Share our channel for more free resources: https://news.1rj.ru/str/udacityfreecourse
#datascience #dataanalytics
👍8🔥4❤3
Introduction to Data Science: Complete Guide for Beginners
👇👇
https://medium.com/@data_analyst/introduction-to-data-science-complete-guide-for-beginners-af0517923d61
Like for more ❤️
👇👇
https://medium.com/@data_analyst/introduction-to-data-science-complete-guide-for-beginners-af0517923d61
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Three different learning styles in machine learning algorithms:
1. Supervised Learning
Input data is called training data and has a known label or result such as spam/not-spam or a stock price at a time.
A model is prepared through a training process in which it is required to make predictions and is corrected when those predictions are wrong. The training process continues until the model achieves a desired level of accuracy on the training data.
Example problems are classification and regression.
Example algorithms include: Logistic Regression and the Back Propagation Neural Network.
2. Unsupervised Learning
Input data is not labeled and does not have a known result.
A model is prepared by deducing structures present in the input data. This may be to extract general rules. It may be through a mathematical process to systematically reduce redundancy, or it may be to organize data by similarity.
Example problems are clustering, dimensionality reduction and association rule learning.
Example algorithms include: the Apriori algorithm and K-Means.
3. Semi-Supervised Learning
Input data is a mixture of labeled and unlabelled examples.
There is a desired prediction problem but the model must learn the structures to organize the data as well as make predictions.
Example problems are classification and regression.
Example algorithms are extensions to other flexible methods that make assumptions about how to model the unlabeled data.
1. Supervised Learning
Input data is called training data and has a known label or result such as spam/not-spam or a stock price at a time.
A model is prepared through a training process in which it is required to make predictions and is corrected when those predictions are wrong. The training process continues until the model achieves a desired level of accuracy on the training data.
Example problems are classification and regression.
Example algorithms include: Logistic Regression and the Back Propagation Neural Network.
2. Unsupervised Learning
Input data is not labeled and does not have a known result.
A model is prepared by deducing structures present in the input data. This may be to extract general rules. It may be through a mathematical process to systematically reduce redundancy, or it may be to organize data by similarity.
Example problems are clustering, dimensionality reduction and association rule learning.
Example algorithms include: the Apriori algorithm and K-Means.
3. Semi-Supervised Learning
Input data is a mixture of labeled and unlabelled examples.
There is a desired prediction problem but the model must learn the structures to organize the data as well as make predictions.
Example problems are classification and regression.
Example algorithms are extensions to other flexible methods that make assumptions about how to model the unlabeled data.
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Becoming a data scientist is not scary
1. Making the leap is harder than the work itself – Overcoming the initial fear of freelancing was more challenging than the actual projects.
2. Specialization matters more than general knowledge – Having a broad skillset is good, but focusing on a niche brings more opportunities.
3.Clients are diverse – Their expectations, work standards, and communication styles vary greatly, so adaptability is key.
4. Learning never stops – You will have to continuously learn and Upskill yourself to grow
5. Big data makes a big difference – The more complex the data, the more valuable my skills become.
6. Your network is your lifeline – Building connections is critical for finding opportunities and advancing.
7. Keep visualizations simple – Clear, straightforward visuals communicate insights more effectively than complicated ones.
I know that starting your career in data can be terrifying. But the more you think and brainstorm, the harder it gets.
You’ll postpone it more, blame AI for your lack of enthusiasm and initiative.
And at the end of the day, when the last train leaves, you’ll hate on yourself even more for not clenching your teeth and going all in!
Best Data Science & Machine Learning Resources: https://topmate.io/coding/914624
Like if you need similar content 😄👍
Hope this helps you 😊
#datascience
1. Making the leap is harder than the work itself – Overcoming the initial fear of freelancing was more challenging than the actual projects.
2. Specialization matters more than general knowledge – Having a broad skillset is good, but focusing on a niche brings more opportunities.
3.Clients are diverse – Their expectations, work standards, and communication styles vary greatly, so adaptability is key.
4. Learning never stops – You will have to continuously learn and Upskill yourself to grow
5. Big data makes a big difference – The more complex the data, the more valuable my skills become.
6. Your network is your lifeline – Building connections is critical for finding opportunities and advancing.
7. Keep visualizations simple – Clear, straightforward visuals communicate insights more effectively than complicated ones.
I know that starting your career in data can be terrifying. But the more you think and brainstorm, the harder it gets.
You’ll postpone it more, blame AI for your lack of enthusiasm and initiative.
And at the end of the day, when the last train leaves, you’ll hate on yourself even more for not clenching your teeth and going all in!
Best Data Science & Machine Learning Resources: https://topmate.io/coding/914624
Like if you need similar content 😄👍
Hope this helps you 😊
#datascience
👍13🔥1👏1
Data science interview questions 👇
𝗦𝗤𝗟
- How do you write a query to fetch the top 5 highest salaries in each department?
- What’s the difference between the HAVING and WHERE clauses in SQL?
- How do you handle NULL values in SQL, and how do they affect aggregate functions?
𝗣𝘆𝘁𝗵𝗼𝗻
- How do you handle large datasets in Python, and which libraries would you use for performance?
- What are context managers in Python, and how do they help with resource management?
- How do you manage and log errors in Python-based ETL pipelines?
𝗠𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗲 𝗟𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴
- Explain the difference between bias and variance in a machine learning model. How do you balance them?
- What is cross-validation, and how does it improve the performance of machine learning models?
- How do you deal with class imbalance in classification tasks, and what techniques would you apply?
𝗗𝗲𝗲𝗽 𝗟𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴
- What is the vanishing gradient problem in deep learning, and how can it be mitigated?
- Explain how a convolutional neural network (CNN) works and when you would use it.
- What is dropout in neural networks, and how does it help prevent overfitting?
𝗗𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝗪𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗴
- How would you handle outliers in a dataset, and when is it appropriate to remove or keep them?
- Explain how to merge two datasets in Python, and how would you handle duplicate or missing entries in the merged data?
- What is data normalization, and when should you apply it to your dataset?
𝗗𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝗩𝗶𝘀𝘂𝗮𝗹𝗶𝘇𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 - 𝗧𝗮𝗯𝗹𝗲𝗮𝘂
- How do you create a dual-axis chart in Tableau, and when would you use it?
- How would you filter data in Tableau to create a dynamic dashboard that updates based on user input?
- What are calculated fields in Tableau, and how would you use them to create a custom metric?
#datascience #interview
𝗦𝗤𝗟
- How do you write a query to fetch the top 5 highest salaries in each department?
- What’s the difference between the HAVING and WHERE clauses in SQL?
- How do you handle NULL values in SQL, and how do they affect aggregate functions?
𝗣𝘆𝘁𝗵𝗼𝗻
- How do you handle large datasets in Python, and which libraries would you use for performance?
- What are context managers in Python, and how do they help with resource management?
- How do you manage and log errors in Python-based ETL pipelines?
𝗠𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗲 𝗟𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴
- Explain the difference between bias and variance in a machine learning model. How do you balance them?
- What is cross-validation, and how does it improve the performance of machine learning models?
- How do you deal with class imbalance in classification tasks, and what techniques would you apply?
𝗗𝗲𝗲𝗽 𝗟𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴
- What is the vanishing gradient problem in deep learning, and how can it be mitigated?
- Explain how a convolutional neural network (CNN) works and when you would use it.
- What is dropout in neural networks, and how does it help prevent overfitting?
𝗗𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝗪𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗴
- How would you handle outliers in a dataset, and when is it appropriate to remove or keep them?
- Explain how to merge two datasets in Python, and how would you handle duplicate or missing entries in the merged data?
- What is data normalization, and when should you apply it to your dataset?
𝗗𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝗩𝗶𝘀𝘂𝗮𝗹𝗶𝘇𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 - 𝗧𝗮𝗯𝗹𝗲𝗮𝘂
- How do you create a dual-axis chart in Tableau, and when would you use it?
- How would you filter data in Tableau to create a dynamic dashboard that updates based on user input?
- What are calculated fields in Tableau, and how would you use them to create a custom metric?
#datascience #interview
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5 EDA Frameworks for Statistical Analysis every Data Scientist must know
🧵⬇️
1️⃣ Understand the Data Types and Structure:
Start by inspecting the data’s structure and types (e.g., categorical, numerical, datetime). Use commands like .info() or .describe() in Python to get a summary. This step helps in identifying how different columns should be handled and which statistical methods to apply.
Check for correct data types
Identify categorical vs. numerical variables
Understand the shape (dimensions) of the dataset
2️⃣ Handle Missing Data:
Missing values can skew analysis and lead to incorrect conclusions. It’s essential to decide how to deal with them—whether to remove, impute, or flag missing data.
Identify missing values with .isnull().sum()
Decide to drop, fill (imputation), or flag missing data based on context
Consider imputing with mean, median, mode, or more advanced techniques like KNN imputation
3️⃣ Summary Statistics and Distribution Analysis:
Calculate basic denoscriptive statistics like mean, median, mode, variance, and standard deviation to understand the central tendency and variability. For distributions, use histograms or boxplots to visualize data spread and detect potential outliers.
Summary statistics with .describe() (mean, std, min/max)
Visualize distributions with histograms, boxplots, or violin plots
Look for skewness, kurtosis, and outliers in data
4️⃣ Visualizing Relationships and Correlations:
Use scatter plots, heatmaps, and pair plots to identify relationships between variables. Look for trends, clusters, and correlations (positive or negative) that might reveal patterns in the data.
Scatter plots for variable relationships.
Correlation matrices and heatmaps to see correlations between numerical variables.
Pair plots for visualizing interactions between multiple variables.
5️⃣ Feature Engineering and Transformation:
Enhance your dataset by creating new features or transforming existing ones to better capture the patterns in the data. This can include handling categorical variables (e.g., one-hot encoding), creating interaction terms, or normalizing/scaling numerical features.
Create new features based on domain knowledge.
One-hot encode categorical variables for modeling.
Normalize or standardize numerical variables for models that require scaling (e.g., KNN, SVM)
Best Data Science & Machine Learning Resources: https://topmate.io/coding/914624
Like if you need similar content 😄👍
Hope this helps you 😊
#datascience
🧵⬇️
1️⃣ Understand the Data Types and Structure:
Start by inspecting the data’s structure and types (e.g., categorical, numerical, datetime). Use commands like .info() or .describe() in Python to get a summary. This step helps in identifying how different columns should be handled and which statistical methods to apply.
Check for correct data types
Identify categorical vs. numerical variables
Understand the shape (dimensions) of the dataset
2️⃣ Handle Missing Data:
Missing values can skew analysis and lead to incorrect conclusions. It’s essential to decide how to deal with them—whether to remove, impute, or flag missing data.
Identify missing values with .isnull().sum()
Decide to drop, fill (imputation), or flag missing data based on context
Consider imputing with mean, median, mode, or more advanced techniques like KNN imputation
3️⃣ Summary Statistics and Distribution Analysis:
Calculate basic denoscriptive statistics like mean, median, mode, variance, and standard deviation to understand the central tendency and variability. For distributions, use histograms or boxplots to visualize data spread and detect potential outliers.
Summary statistics with .describe() (mean, std, min/max)
Visualize distributions with histograms, boxplots, or violin plots
Look for skewness, kurtosis, and outliers in data
4️⃣ Visualizing Relationships and Correlations:
Use scatter plots, heatmaps, and pair plots to identify relationships between variables. Look for trends, clusters, and correlations (positive or negative) that might reveal patterns in the data.
Scatter plots for variable relationships.
Correlation matrices and heatmaps to see correlations between numerical variables.
Pair plots for visualizing interactions between multiple variables.
5️⃣ Feature Engineering and Transformation:
Enhance your dataset by creating new features or transforming existing ones to better capture the patterns in the data. This can include handling categorical variables (e.g., one-hot encoding), creating interaction terms, or normalizing/scaling numerical features.
Create new features based on domain knowledge.
One-hot encode categorical variables for modeling.
Normalize or standardize numerical variables for models that require scaling (e.g., KNN, SVM)
Best Data Science & Machine Learning Resources: https://topmate.io/coding/914624
Like if you need similar content 😄👍
Hope this helps you 😊
#datascience
👍15👏1
10 commonly asked data science interview questions along with their answers
1️⃣ What is the difference between supervised and unsupervised learning?
Supervised learning involves learning from labeled data to predict outcomes while unsupervised learning involves finding patterns in unlabeled data.
2️⃣ Explain the bias-variance tradeoff in machine learning.
The bias-variance tradeoff is a key concept in machine learning. Models with high bias have low complexity and over-simplify, while models with high variance are more complex and over-fit to the training data. The goal is to find the right balance between bias and variance.
3️⃣ What is the Central Limit Theorem and why is it important in statistics?
The Central Limit Theorem (CLT) states that the sampling distribution of the sample means will be approximately normally distributed regardless of the underlying population distribution, as long as the sample size is sufficiently large. It is important because it justifies the use of statistics, such as hypothesis testing and confidence intervals, on small sample sizes.
4️⃣ Describe the process of feature selection and why it is important in machine learning.
Feature selection is the process of selecting the most relevant features (variables) from a dataset. This is important because unnecessary features can lead to over-fitting, slower training times, and reduced accuracy.
5️⃣ What is the difference between overfitting and underfitting in machine learning? How do you address them?
Overfitting occurs when a model is too complex and fits the training data too well, resulting in poor performance on unseen data. Underfitting occurs when a model is too simple and cannot fit the training data well enough, resulting in poor performance on both training and unseen data. Techniques to address overfitting include regularization and early stopping, while techniques to address underfitting include using more complex models or increasing the amount of input data.
6️⃣ What is regularization and why is it used in machine learning?
Regularization is a technique used to prevent overfitting in machine learning. It involves adding a penalty term to the loss function to limit the complexity of the model, effectively reducing the impact of certain features.
7️⃣ How do you handle missing data in a dataset?
Handling missing data can be done by either deleting the missing samples, imputing the missing values, or using models that can handle missing data directly.
8️⃣ What is the difference between classification and regression in machine learning?
Classification is a type of supervised learning where the goal is to predict a categorical or discrete outcome, while regression is a type of supervised learning where the goal is to predict a continuous or numerical outcome.
9️⃣ Explain the concept of cross-validation and why it is used.
Cross-validation is a technique used to evaluate the performance of a machine learning model. It involves spliting the data into training and validation sets, and then training and evaluating the model on multiple such splits. Cross-validation gives a better idea of the model's generalization ability and helps prevent over-fitting.
🔟 What evaluation metrics would you use to evaluate a binary classification model?
Some commonly used evaluation metrics for binary classification models are accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, and ROC-AUC. The choice of metric depends on the specific requirements of the problem.
Best Data Science & Machine Learning Resources👇
https://topmate.io/coding/914624
Credits: https://news.1rj.ru/str/datasciencefun
Like if you need similar content 😄👍
Hope this helps you 😊
1️⃣ What is the difference between supervised and unsupervised learning?
Supervised learning involves learning from labeled data to predict outcomes while unsupervised learning involves finding patterns in unlabeled data.
2️⃣ Explain the bias-variance tradeoff in machine learning.
The bias-variance tradeoff is a key concept in machine learning. Models with high bias have low complexity and over-simplify, while models with high variance are more complex and over-fit to the training data. The goal is to find the right balance between bias and variance.
3️⃣ What is the Central Limit Theorem and why is it important in statistics?
The Central Limit Theorem (CLT) states that the sampling distribution of the sample means will be approximately normally distributed regardless of the underlying population distribution, as long as the sample size is sufficiently large. It is important because it justifies the use of statistics, such as hypothesis testing and confidence intervals, on small sample sizes.
4️⃣ Describe the process of feature selection and why it is important in machine learning.
Feature selection is the process of selecting the most relevant features (variables) from a dataset. This is important because unnecessary features can lead to over-fitting, slower training times, and reduced accuracy.
5️⃣ What is the difference between overfitting and underfitting in machine learning? How do you address them?
Overfitting occurs when a model is too complex and fits the training data too well, resulting in poor performance on unseen data. Underfitting occurs when a model is too simple and cannot fit the training data well enough, resulting in poor performance on both training and unseen data. Techniques to address overfitting include regularization and early stopping, while techniques to address underfitting include using more complex models or increasing the amount of input data.
6️⃣ What is regularization and why is it used in machine learning?
Regularization is a technique used to prevent overfitting in machine learning. It involves adding a penalty term to the loss function to limit the complexity of the model, effectively reducing the impact of certain features.
7️⃣ How do you handle missing data in a dataset?
Handling missing data can be done by either deleting the missing samples, imputing the missing values, or using models that can handle missing data directly.
8️⃣ What is the difference between classification and regression in machine learning?
Classification is a type of supervised learning where the goal is to predict a categorical or discrete outcome, while regression is a type of supervised learning where the goal is to predict a continuous or numerical outcome.
9️⃣ Explain the concept of cross-validation and why it is used.
Cross-validation is a technique used to evaluate the performance of a machine learning model. It involves spliting the data into training and validation sets, and then training and evaluating the model on multiple such splits. Cross-validation gives a better idea of the model's generalization ability and helps prevent over-fitting.
🔟 What evaluation metrics would you use to evaluate a binary classification model?
Some commonly used evaluation metrics for binary classification models are accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, and ROC-AUC. The choice of metric depends on the specific requirements of the problem.
Best Data Science & Machine Learning Resources👇
https://topmate.io/coding/914624
Credits: https://news.1rj.ru/str/datasciencefun
Like if you need similar content 😄👍
Hope this helps you 😊
👍16❤4
Programming languages are the backbone of data science. Such languages allow professionals to automate some work, analyze the most complex datasets, and thus provide insights that lead to strategic business decisions.
With so many choices available, the decision on which language to learn seems like an extremely daunting task. This article tries to demystify that decision by giving readers the best programming languages for data science and why these count.
Read more.....
With so many choices available, the decision on which language to learn seems like an extremely daunting task. This article tries to demystify that decision by giving readers the best programming languages for data science and why these count.
Read more.....
👍9❤1
Top Platforms for Building Data Science Portfolio
Build an irresistible portfolio that hooks recruiters with these free platforms.
Landing a job as a data scientist begins with building your portfolio with a comprehensive list of all your projects. To help you get started with building your portfolio, here is the list of top data science platforms. Remember the stronger your portfolio, the better chances you have of landing your dream job.
1. GitHub
2. Kaggle
3. LinkedIn
4. Medium
5. MachineHack
6. DagsHub
7. HuggingFace
#datascienceprojects
Build an irresistible portfolio that hooks recruiters with these free platforms.
Landing a job as a data scientist begins with building your portfolio with a comprehensive list of all your projects. To help you get started with building your portfolio, here is the list of top data science platforms. Remember the stronger your portfolio, the better chances you have of landing your dream job.
1. GitHub
2. Kaggle
3. LinkedIn
4. Medium
5. MachineHack
6. DagsHub
7. HuggingFace
#datascienceprojects
👍24🔥2
Essential Python Libraries to build your career in Data Science 📊👇
1. NumPy:
- Efficient numerical operations and array manipulation.
2. Pandas:
- Data manipulation and analysis with powerful data structures (DataFrame, Series).
3. Matplotlib:
- 2D plotting library for creating visualizations.
4. Seaborn:
- Statistical data visualization built on top of Matplotlib.
5. Scikit-learn:
- Machine learning toolkit for classification, regression, clustering, etc.
6. TensorFlow:
- Open-source machine learning framework for building and deploying ML models.
7. PyTorch:
- Deep learning library, particularly popular for neural network research.
8. SciPy:
- Library for scientific and technical computing.
9. Statsmodels:
- Statistical modeling and econometrics in Python.
10. NLTK (Natural Language Toolkit):
- Tools for working with human language data (text).
11. Gensim:
- Topic modeling and document similarity analysis.
12. Keras:
- High-level neural networks API, running on top of TensorFlow.
13. Plotly:
- Interactive graphing library for making interactive plots.
14. Beautiful Soup:
- Web scraping library for pulling data out of HTML and XML files.
15. OpenCV:
- Library for computer vision tasks.
As a beginner, you can start with Pandas and NumPy for data manipulation and analysis. For data visualization, Matplotlib and Seaborn are great starting points. As you progress, you can explore machine learning with Scikit-learn, TensorFlow, and PyTorch.
Free Notes & Books to learn Data Science: https://news.1rj.ru/str/datasciencefree
Python Project Ideas: https://news.1rj.ru/str/dsabooks/85
Best Resources to learn Python & Data Science 👇👇
Python Tutorial
Data Science Course by Kaggle
Machine Learning Course by Google
Best Data Science & Machine Learning Resources
Interview Process for Data Science Role at Amazon
Python Interview Resources
Join @free4unow_backup for more free courses
Like for more ❤️
ENJOY LEARNING👍👍
1. NumPy:
- Efficient numerical operations and array manipulation.
2. Pandas:
- Data manipulation and analysis with powerful data structures (DataFrame, Series).
3. Matplotlib:
- 2D plotting library for creating visualizations.
4. Seaborn:
- Statistical data visualization built on top of Matplotlib.
5. Scikit-learn:
- Machine learning toolkit for classification, regression, clustering, etc.
6. TensorFlow:
- Open-source machine learning framework for building and deploying ML models.
7. PyTorch:
- Deep learning library, particularly popular for neural network research.
8. SciPy:
- Library for scientific and technical computing.
9. Statsmodels:
- Statistical modeling and econometrics in Python.
10. NLTK (Natural Language Toolkit):
- Tools for working with human language data (text).
11. Gensim:
- Topic modeling and document similarity analysis.
12. Keras:
- High-level neural networks API, running on top of TensorFlow.
13. Plotly:
- Interactive graphing library for making interactive plots.
14. Beautiful Soup:
- Web scraping library for pulling data out of HTML and XML files.
15. OpenCV:
- Library for computer vision tasks.
As a beginner, you can start with Pandas and NumPy for data manipulation and analysis. For data visualization, Matplotlib and Seaborn are great starting points. As you progress, you can explore machine learning with Scikit-learn, TensorFlow, and PyTorch.
Free Notes & Books to learn Data Science: https://news.1rj.ru/str/datasciencefree
Python Project Ideas: https://news.1rj.ru/str/dsabooks/85
Best Resources to learn Python & Data Science 👇👇
Python Tutorial
Data Science Course by Kaggle
Machine Learning Course by Google
Best Data Science & Machine Learning Resources
Interview Process for Data Science Role at Amazon
Python Interview Resources
Join @free4unow_backup for more free courses
Like for more ❤️
ENJOY LEARNING👍👍
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Top three most required tech stack for the following roles:
1. Data Analyst: SQL, Excel, Tableau/Power BI
2. Data Scientist: Python, R, SQL
3. Quantitative Analyst: Python, R, MATLAB
4. Business Analyst: SQL, Business Requirements Gathering, Agile Methodologies, Power BI/Tableau
5. Data Engineer: Python/Scala, SQL, Cloud, Apache Spark
6. Machine Learning Engineer: Python, TensorFlow/PyTorch, Docker/Kubernetes.
1. Data Analyst: SQL, Excel, Tableau/Power BI
2. Data Scientist: Python, R, SQL
3. Quantitative Analyst: Python, R, MATLAB
4. Business Analyst: SQL, Business Requirements Gathering, Agile Methodologies, Power BI/Tableau
5. Data Engineer: Python/Scala, SQL, Cloud, Apache Spark
6. Machine Learning Engineer: Python, TensorFlow/PyTorch, Docker/Kubernetes.
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Coding and Aptitude Round before interview
Coding challenges are meant to test your coding skills (especially if you are applying for ML engineer role). The coding challenges can contain algorithm and data structures problems of varying difficulty. These challenges will be timed based on how complicated the questions are. These are intended to test your basic algorithmic thinking.
Sometimes, a complicated data science question like making predictions based on twitter data are also given. These challenges are hosted on HackerRank, HackerEarth, CoderByte etc. In addition, you may even be asked multiple-choice questions on the fundamentals of data science and statistics. This round is meant to be a filtering round where candidates whose fundamentals are little shaky are eliminated. These rounds are typically conducted without any manual intervention, so it is important to be well prepared for this round.
Sometimes a separate Aptitude test is conducted or along with the technical round an aptitude test is also conducted to assess your aptitude skills. A Data Scientist is expected to have a good aptitude as this field is continuously evolving and a Data Scientist encounters new challenges every day. If you have appeared for GMAT / GRE or CAT, this should be easy for you.
Resources for Prep:
For algorithms and data structures prep,Leetcode and Hackerrank are good resources.
For aptitude prep, you can refer to IndiaBixand Practice Aptitude.
With respect to data science challenges, practice well on GLabs and Kaggle.
Brilliant is an excellent resource for tricky math and statistics questions.
For practising SQL, SQL Zoo and Mode Analytics are good resources that allow you to solve the exercises in the browser itself.
Things to Note:
Ensure that you are calm and relaxed before you attempt to answer the challenge. Read through all the questions before you start attempting the same. Let your mind go into problem-solving mode before your fingers do!
In case, you are finished with the test before time, recheck your answers and then submit.
Sometimes these rounds don’t go your way, you might have had a brain fade, it was not your day etc. Don’t worry! Shake if off for there is always a next time and this is not the end of the world.
Coding challenges are meant to test your coding skills (especially if you are applying for ML engineer role). The coding challenges can contain algorithm and data structures problems of varying difficulty. These challenges will be timed based on how complicated the questions are. These are intended to test your basic algorithmic thinking.
Sometimes, a complicated data science question like making predictions based on twitter data are also given. These challenges are hosted on HackerRank, HackerEarth, CoderByte etc. In addition, you may even be asked multiple-choice questions on the fundamentals of data science and statistics. This round is meant to be a filtering round where candidates whose fundamentals are little shaky are eliminated. These rounds are typically conducted without any manual intervention, so it is important to be well prepared for this round.
Sometimes a separate Aptitude test is conducted or along with the technical round an aptitude test is also conducted to assess your aptitude skills. A Data Scientist is expected to have a good aptitude as this field is continuously evolving and a Data Scientist encounters new challenges every day. If you have appeared for GMAT / GRE or CAT, this should be easy for you.
Resources for Prep:
For algorithms and data structures prep,Leetcode and Hackerrank are good resources.
For aptitude prep, you can refer to IndiaBixand Practice Aptitude.
With respect to data science challenges, practice well on GLabs and Kaggle.
Brilliant is an excellent resource for tricky math and statistics questions.
For practising SQL, SQL Zoo and Mode Analytics are good resources that allow you to solve the exercises in the browser itself.
Things to Note:
Ensure that you are calm and relaxed before you attempt to answer the challenge. Read through all the questions before you start attempting the same. Let your mind go into problem-solving mode before your fingers do!
In case, you are finished with the test before time, recheck your answers and then submit.
Sometimes these rounds don’t go your way, you might have had a brain fade, it was not your day etc. Don’t worry! Shake if off for there is always a next time and this is not the end of the world.
👍15
New developers: whenever you work on something interesting, write it down in a document which you keep updating. This will be very helpful when you need to create a resume or have to talk about your achievements in an interview. (Or for college essays.)
I can guarantee you that if you don't do this, you will forget half the interesting things you've done; and for a majority of us, our brains are experts in convincing us that we haven't really done anything interesting.
I can guarantee you that if you don't do this, you will forget half the interesting things you've done; and for a majority of us, our brains are experts in convincing us that we haven't really done anything interesting.
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Data Science & Machine Learning
Want to try data analytics courses for FREE?
Free courses to learn Data analytics, data science & AI
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Today let's understand the fascinating world of Data Science from start.
## What is Data Science?
Data science is an interdisciplinary field that uses scientific methods, processes, algorithms, and systems to extract knowledge and insights from structured and unstructured data. In simpler terms, data science involves obtaining, processing, and analyzing data to gain insights for various purposes¹².
### The Data Science Lifecycle
The data science lifecycle refers to the various stages a data science project typically undergoes. While each project is unique, most follow a similar structure:
1. Data Collection and Storage:
- In this initial phase, data is collected from various sources such as databases, Excel files, text files, APIs, web scraping, or real-time data streams.
- The type and volume of data collected depend on the specific problem being addressed.
- Once collected, the data is stored in an appropriate format for further processing.
2. Data Preparation:
- Often considered the most time-consuming phase, data preparation involves cleaning and transforming raw data into a suitable format for analysis.
- Tasks include handling missing or inconsistent data, removing duplicates, normalization, and data type conversions.
- The goal is to create a clean, high-quality dataset that can yield accurate and reliable analytical results.
3. Exploration and Visualization:
- During this phase, data scientists explore the prepared data to understand its patterns, characteristics, and potential anomalies.
- Techniques like statistical analysis and data visualization are used to summarize the data's main features.
- Visualization methods help convey insights effectively.
4. Model Building and Machine Learning:
- This phase involves selecting appropriate algorithms and building predictive models.
- Machine learning techniques are applied to train models on historical data and make predictions.
- Common tasks include regression, classification, clustering, and recommendation systems.
5. Model Evaluation and Deployment:
- After building models, they are evaluated using metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score.
- Once satisfied with the model's performance, it can be deployed for real-world use.
- Deployment may involve integrating the model into an application or system.
### Why Data Science Matters
- Business Insights: Organizations use data science to gain insights into customer behavior, market trends, and operational efficiency. This informs strategic decisions and drives business growth.
- Healthcare and Medicine: Data science helps analyze patient data, predict disease outbreaks, and optimize treatment plans. It contributes to personalized medicine and drug discovery.
- Finance and Risk Management: Financial institutions use data science for fraud detection, credit scoring, and risk assessment. It enhances decision-making and minimizes financial risks.
- Social Sciences and Public Policy: Data science aids in understanding social phenomena, predicting election outcomes, and optimizing public services.
- Technology and Innovation: Data science fuels innovations in artificial intelligence, natural language processing, and recommendation systems.
Best Data Science & Machine Learning Resources: https://topmate.io/coding/914624
Credits: https://news.1rj.ru/str/datasciencefun
Like if you need similar content 😄👍
Hope this helps you 😊
## What is Data Science?
Data science is an interdisciplinary field that uses scientific methods, processes, algorithms, and systems to extract knowledge and insights from structured and unstructured data. In simpler terms, data science involves obtaining, processing, and analyzing data to gain insights for various purposes¹².
### The Data Science Lifecycle
The data science lifecycle refers to the various stages a data science project typically undergoes. While each project is unique, most follow a similar structure:
1. Data Collection and Storage:
- In this initial phase, data is collected from various sources such as databases, Excel files, text files, APIs, web scraping, or real-time data streams.
- The type and volume of data collected depend on the specific problem being addressed.
- Once collected, the data is stored in an appropriate format for further processing.
2. Data Preparation:
- Often considered the most time-consuming phase, data preparation involves cleaning and transforming raw data into a suitable format for analysis.
- Tasks include handling missing or inconsistent data, removing duplicates, normalization, and data type conversions.
- The goal is to create a clean, high-quality dataset that can yield accurate and reliable analytical results.
3. Exploration and Visualization:
- During this phase, data scientists explore the prepared data to understand its patterns, characteristics, and potential anomalies.
- Techniques like statistical analysis and data visualization are used to summarize the data's main features.
- Visualization methods help convey insights effectively.
4. Model Building and Machine Learning:
- This phase involves selecting appropriate algorithms and building predictive models.
- Machine learning techniques are applied to train models on historical data and make predictions.
- Common tasks include regression, classification, clustering, and recommendation systems.
5. Model Evaluation and Deployment:
- After building models, they are evaluated using metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score.
- Once satisfied with the model's performance, it can be deployed for real-world use.
- Deployment may involve integrating the model into an application or system.
### Why Data Science Matters
- Business Insights: Organizations use data science to gain insights into customer behavior, market trends, and operational efficiency. This informs strategic decisions and drives business growth.
- Healthcare and Medicine: Data science helps analyze patient data, predict disease outbreaks, and optimize treatment plans. It contributes to personalized medicine and drug discovery.
- Finance and Risk Management: Financial institutions use data science for fraud detection, credit scoring, and risk assessment. It enhances decision-making and minimizes financial risks.
- Social Sciences and Public Policy: Data science aids in understanding social phenomena, predicting election outcomes, and optimizing public services.
- Technology and Innovation: Data science fuels innovations in artificial intelligence, natural language processing, and recommendation systems.
Best Data Science & Machine Learning Resources: https://topmate.io/coding/914624
Credits: https://news.1rj.ru/str/datasciencefun
Like if you need similar content 😄👍
Hope this helps you 😊
👍10
A-Z of essential data science concepts
A: Algorithm - A set of rules or instructions for solving a problem or completing a task.
B: Big Data - Large and complex datasets that traditional data processing applications are unable to handle efficiently.
C: Classification - A type of machine learning task that involves assigning labels to instances based on their characteristics.
D: Data Mining - The process of discovering patterns and extracting useful information from large datasets.
E: Ensemble Learning - A machine learning technique that combines multiple models to improve predictive performance.
F: Feature Engineering - The process of selecting, extracting, and transforming features from raw data to improve model performance.
G: Gradient Descent - An optimization algorithm used to minimize the error of a model by adjusting its parameters iteratively.
H: Hypothesis Testing - A statistical method used to make inferences about a population based on sample data.
I: Imputation - The process of replacing missing values in a dataset with estimated values.
J: Joint Probability - The probability of the intersection of two or more events occurring simultaneously.
K: K-Means Clustering - A popular unsupervised machine learning algorithm used for clustering data points into groups.
L: Logistic Regression - A statistical model used for binary classification tasks.
M: Machine Learning - A subset of artificial intelligence that enables systems to learn from data and improve performance over time.
N: Neural Network - A computer system inspired by the structure of the human brain, used for various machine learning tasks.
O: Outlier Detection - The process of identifying observations in a dataset that significantly deviate from the rest of the data points.
P: Precision and Recall - Evaluation metrics used to assess the performance of classification models.
Q: Quantitative Analysis - The process of using mathematical and statistical methods to analyze and interpret data.
R: Regression Analysis - A statistical technique used to model the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables.
S: Support Vector Machine - A supervised machine learning algorithm used for classification and regression tasks.
T: Time Series Analysis - The study of data collected over time to detect patterns, trends, and seasonal variations.
U: Unsupervised Learning - Machine learning techniques used to identify patterns and relationships in data without labeled outcomes.
V: Validation - The process of assessing the performance and generalization of a machine learning model using independent datasets.
W: Weka - A popular open-source software tool used for data mining and machine learning tasks.
X: XGBoost - An optimized implementation of gradient boosting that is widely used for classification and regression tasks.
Y: Yarn - A resource manager used in Apache Hadoop for managing resources across distributed clusters.
Z: Zero-Inflated Model - A statistical model used to analyze data with excess zeros, commonly found in count data.
Best Data Science & Machine Learning Resources: https://topmate.io/coding/914624
Credits: https://news.1rj.ru/str/datasciencefun
Like if you need similar content 😄👍
Hope this helps you 😊
A: Algorithm - A set of rules or instructions for solving a problem or completing a task.
B: Big Data - Large and complex datasets that traditional data processing applications are unable to handle efficiently.
C: Classification - A type of machine learning task that involves assigning labels to instances based on their characteristics.
D: Data Mining - The process of discovering patterns and extracting useful information from large datasets.
E: Ensemble Learning - A machine learning technique that combines multiple models to improve predictive performance.
F: Feature Engineering - The process of selecting, extracting, and transforming features from raw data to improve model performance.
G: Gradient Descent - An optimization algorithm used to minimize the error of a model by adjusting its parameters iteratively.
H: Hypothesis Testing - A statistical method used to make inferences about a population based on sample data.
I: Imputation - The process of replacing missing values in a dataset with estimated values.
J: Joint Probability - The probability of the intersection of two or more events occurring simultaneously.
K: K-Means Clustering - A popular unsupervised machine learning algorithm used for clustering data points into groups.
L: Logistic Regression - A statistical model used for binary classification tasks.
M: Machine Learning - A subset of artificial intelligence that enables systems to learn from data and improve performance over time.
N: Neural Network - A computer system inspired by the structure of the human brain, used for various machine learning tasks.
O: Outlier Detection - The process of identifying observations in a dataset that significantly deviate from the rest of the data points.
P: Precision and Recall - Evaluation metrics used to assess the performance of classification models.
Q: Quantitative Analysis - The process of using mathematical and statistical methods to analyze and interpret data.
R: Regression Analysis - A statistical technique used to model the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables.
S: Support Vector Machine - A supervised machine learning algorithm used for classification and regression tasks.
T: Time Series Analysis - The study of data collected over time to detect patterns, trends, and seasonal variations.
U: Unsupervised Learning - Machine learning techniques used to identify patterns and relationships in data without labeled outcomes.
V: Validation - The process of assessing the performance and generalization of a machine learning model using independent datasets.
W: Weka - A popular open-source software tool used for data mining and machine learning tasks.
X: XGBoost - An optimized implementation of gradient boosting that is widely used for classification and regression tasks.
Y: Yarn - A resource manager used in Apache Hadoop for managing resources across distributed clusters.
Z: Zero-Inflated Model - A statistical model used to analyze data with excess zeros, commonly found in count data.
Best Data Science & Machine Learning Resources: https://topmate.io/coding/914624
Credits: https://news.1rj.ru/str/datasciencefun
Like if you need similar content 😄👍
Hope this helps you 😊
👍13❤2
Three different learning styles in machine learning algorithms:
1. Supervised Learning
Input data is called training data and has a known label or result such as spam/not-spam or a stock price at a time.
A model is prepared through a training process in which it is required to make predictions and is corrected when those predictions are wrong. The training process continues until the model achieves a desired level of accuracy on the training data.
Example problems are classification and regression.
Example algorithms include: Logistic Regression and the Back Propagation Neural Network.
2. Unsupervised Learning
Input data is not labeled and does not have a known result.
A model is prepared by deducing structures present in the input data. This may be to extract general rules. It may be through a mathematical process to systematically reduce redundancy, or it may be to organize data by similarity.
Example problems are clustering, dimensionality reduction and association rule learning.
Example algorithms include: the Apriori algorithm and K-Means.
3. Semi-Supervised Learning
Input data is a mixture of labeled and unlabelled examples.
There is a desired prediction problem but the model must learn the structures to organize the data as well as make predictions.
Example problems are classification and regression.
Example algorithms are extensions to other flexible methods that make assumptions about how to model the unlabeled data.
1. Supervised Learning
Input data is called training data and has a known label or result such as spam/not-spam or a stock price at a time.
A model is prepared through a training process in which it is required to make predictions and is corrected when those predictions are wrong. The training process continues until the model achieves a desired level of accuracy on the training data.
Example problems are classification and regression.
Example algorithms include: Logistic Regression and the Back Propagation Neural Network.
2. Unsupervised Learning
Input data is not labeled and does not have a known result.
A model is prepared by deducing structures present in the input data. This may be to extract general rules. It may be through a mathematical process to systematically reduce redundancy, or it may be to organize data by similarity.
Example problems are clustering, dimensionality reduction and association rule learning.
Example algorithms include: the Apriori algorithm and K-Means.
3. Semi-Supervised Learning
Input data is a mixture of labeled and unlabelled examples.
There is a desired prediction problem but the model must learn the structures to organize the data as well as make predictions.
Example problems are classification and regression.
Example algorithms are extensions to other flexible methods that make assumptions about how to model the unlabeled data.
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