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Data Science & Machine Learning
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Practice projects to consider:

1. Implement a basic search engine:
Read a set of documents and build an index of keywords. Then, implement a search function that returns a list of documents that match the query.

2. Build a recommendation system: Read a set of user-item interactions and build a recommendation system that suggests items to users based on their past behavior.

3. Create a data analysis tool: Read a large dataset and implement a tool that performs various analyses, such as calculating summary statistics, visualizing distributions, and identifying patterns and correlations.

4. Implement a graph algorithm: Study a graph algorithm such as Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm, and implement it in Python. Then, test it on real-world graphs to see how it performs.
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A-Z of essential data science concepts

A: Algorithm - A set of rules or instructions for solving a problem or completing a task.
B: Big Data - Large and complex datasets that traditional data processing applications are unable to handle efficiently.
C: Classification - A type of machine learning task that involves assigning labels to instances based on their characteristics.
D: Data Mining - The process of discovering patterns and extracting useful information from large datasets.
E: Ensemble Learning - A machine learning technique that combines multiple models to improve predictive performance.
F: Feature Engineering - The process of selecting, extracting, and transforming features from raw data to improve model performance.
G: Gradient Descent - An optimization algorithm used to minimize the error of a model by adjusting its parameters iteratively.
H: Hypothesis Testing - A statistical method used to make inferences about a population based on sample data.
I: Imputation - The process of replacing missing values in a dataset with estimated values.
J: Joint Probability - The probability of the intersection of two or more events occurring simultaneously.
K: K-Means Clustering - A popular unsupervised machine learning algorithm used for clustering data points into groups.
L: Logistic Regression - A statistical model used for binary classification tasks.
M: Machine Learning - A subset of artificial intelligence that enables systems to learn from data and improve performance over time.
N: Neural Network - A computer system inspired by the structure of the human brain, used for various machine learning tasks.
O: Outlier Detection - The process of identifying observations in a dataset that significantly deviate from the rest of the data points.
P: Precision and Recall - Evaluation metrics used to assess the performance of classification models.
Q: Quantitative Analysis - The process of using mathematical and statistical methods to analyze and interpret data.
R: Regression Analysis - A statistical technique used to model the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables.
S: Support Vector Machine - A supervised machine learning algorithm used for classification and regression tasks.
T: Time Series Analysis - The study of data collected over time to detect patterns, trends, and seasonal variations.
U: Unsupervised Learning - Machine learning techniques used to identify patterns and relationships in data without labeled outcomes.
V: Validation - The process of assessing the performance and generalization of a machine learning model using independent datasets.
W: Weka - A popular open-source software tool used for data mining and machine learning tasks.
X: XGBoost - An optimized implementation of gradient boosting that is widely used for classification and regression tasks.
Y: Yarn - A resource manager used in Apache Hadoop for managing resources across distributed clusters.
Z: Zero-Inflated Model - A statistical model used to analyze data with excess zeros, commonly found in count data.

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Accenture Data Scientist Interview Questions!

1st round-

Technical Round

- 2 SQl questions based on playing around views and table, which could be solved by both subqueries and window functions.

- 2 Pandas questions , testing your knowledge on filtering , concatenation , joins and merge.

- 3-4 Machine Learning questions completely based on my Projects, starting from
Explaining the problem statements and then discussing the roadblocks of those projects and some cross questions.

2nd round-

- Couple of python questions agains on pandas and numpy and some hypothetical data.

- Machine Learning projects explanations and cross questions.

- Case Study and a quiz question.

3rd and Final round.

HR interview

Simple Scenerio Based Questions.

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Resume key words for data scientist role explained in points:

1. Data Analysis:
   - Proficient in extracting, cleaning, and analyzing data to derive insights.
   - Skilled in using statistical methods and machine learning algorithms for data analysis.
   - Experience with tools such as Python, R, or SQL for data manipulation and analysis.

2. Machine Learning:
   - Strong understanding of machine learning techniques such as regression, classification, clustering, and neural networks.
- Experience in model development, evaluation, and deployment.
   - Familiarity with libraries like TensorFlow, scikit-learn, or PyTorch for implementing machine learning models.

3. Data Visualization:
   - Ability to present complex data in a clear and understandable manner through visualizations.
   - Proficiency in tools like Matplotlib, Seaborn, or Tableau for creating insightful graphs and charts.
   - Understanding of best practices in data visualization for effective communication of findings.

4. Big Data:
   - Experience working with large datasets using technologies like Hadoop, Spark, or Apache Flink.
   - Knowledge of distributed computing principles and tools for processing and analyzing big data.
   - Ability to optimize algorithms and processes for scalability and performance.

5. Problem-Solving:
   - Strong analytical and problem-solving skills to tackle complex data-related challenges.
   - Ability to formulate hypotheses, design experiments, and iterate on solutions.
   - Aptitude for identifying opportunities for leveraging data to drive business outcomes and decision-making.


Resume key words for a data analyst role

1. SQL (Structured Query Language):
   - SQL is a programming language used for managing and querying relational databases.
   - Data analysts often use SQL to extract, manipulate, and analyze data stored in databases, making it a fundamental skill for the role.

2. Python/R:
   - Python and R are popular programming languages used for data analysis and statistical computing.
   - Proficiency in Python or R allows data analysts to perform various tasks such as data cleaning, modeling, visualization, and machine learning.

3. Data Visualization:
   - Data visualization involves presenting data in graphical or visual formats to communicate insights effectively.
   - Data analysts use tools like Tableau, Power BI, or Python libraries like Matplotlib and Seaborn to create visualizations that help stakeholders understand complex data patterns and trends.

4. Statistical Analysis:
   - Statistical analysis involves applying statistical methods to analyze and interpret data.
   - Data analysts use statistical techniques to uncover relationships, trends, and patterns in data, providing valuable insights for decision-making.

5. Data-driven Decision Making:
   - Data-driven decision making is the process of making decisions based on data analysis and evidence rather than intuition or gut feelings.
   - Data analysts play a crucial role in helping organizations make informed decisions by analyzing data and providing actionable insights that drive business strategies and operations.

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ML Interview Question ⬇️

➡️ Logistic Regression

The interviewer asked to explain Logistic Regression along with its:

🔷 Cost function
🔷 Assumptions
🔷 Evaluation metrics

Here is the step by step approach to answer:

☑️ Cost function: Point out how logistic regression uses log loss for classification.

☑️ Assumptions: Explain LR assumes features are independent and they have a linear link.

☑️ Evaluation metrics: Discuss accuracy, precision, and F1-score to measure performance.

Knowing every concept is important but more than that, it is important to convey our knowledge💯

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🚀 Top 10 Tools Data Scientists Love! 🧠

In the ever-evolving world of data science, staying updated with the right tools is crucial to solving complex problems and deriving meaningful insights.

🔍 Here’s a quick breakdown of the most popular tools:

1. Python 🐍: The go-to language for data science, favored for its versatility and powerful libraries.
2. SQL 🛠️: Essential for querying databases and manipulating data.
3. Jupyter Notebooks 📓: An interactive environment that makes data analysis and visualization a breeze.
4. TensorFlow/PyTorch 🤖: Leading frameworks for deep learning and neural networks.
5. Tableau 📊: A user-friendly tool for creating stunning visualizations and dashboards.
6. Git & GitHub 💻: Version control systems that every data scientist should master.
7. Hadoop & Spark 🔥: Big data frameworks that help process massive datasets efficiently.
8. Scikit-learn 🧬: A powerful library for machine learning in Python.
9. R 📈: A statistical programming language that is still a favorite among many analysts.
10. Docker 🐋: A must-have for containerization and deploying applications.

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What 𝗠𝗟 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗽𝘁𝘀 are commonly asked in 𝗱𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝘀𝗰𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗲𝘄𝘀?

These are fair game in interviews at 𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗿𝘁𝘂𝗽𝘀, 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘂𝗹𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 & 𝗹𝗮𝗿𝗴𝗲 𝘁𝗲𝗰𝗵.

𝗙𝘂𝗻𝗱𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗹𝘀
- Supervised vs. Unsupervised Learning
- Overfitting and Underfitting
- Cross-validation
- Bias-Variance Tradeoff
- Accuracy vs Interpretability
- Accuracy vs Latency

𝗠𝗟 𝗔𝗹𝗴𝗼𝗿𝗶𝘁𝗵𝗺𝘀
- Logistic Regression
- Decision Trees
- Random Forest
- Support Vector Machines
- K-Nearest Neighbors
- Naive Bayes
- Linear Regression
- Ridge and Lasso Regression
- K-Means Clustering
- Hierarchical Clustering
- PCA

𝗠𝗼𝗱𝗲𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗦𝘁𝗲𝗽𝘀
- EDA
- Data Cleaning (e.g. missing value imputation)
- Data Preprocessing (e.g. scaling)
- Feature Engineering (e.g. aggregation)
- Feature Selection (e.g. variable importance)
- Model Training (e.g. gradient descent)
- Model Evaluation (e.g. AUC vs Accuracy)
- Model Productionization

𝗛𝘆𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗽𝗮𝗿𝗮𝗺𝗲𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗧𝘂𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴
- Grid Search
- Random Search
- Bayesian Optimization

𝗠𝗟 𝗖𝗮𝘀𝗲𝘀
- [Capital One] Detect credit card fraudsters
- [Amazon] Forecast monthly sales
- [Airbnb] Estimate lifetime value of a guest

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Three different learning styles in machine learning algorithms:

1. Supervised Learning

Input data is called training data and has a known label or result such as spam/not-spam or a stock price at a time.

A model is prepared through a training process in which it is required to make predictions and is corrected when those predictions are wrong. The training process continues until the model achieves a desired level of accuracy on the training data.

Example problems are classification and regression.

Example algorithms include: Logistic Regression and the Back Propagation Neural Network.

2. Unsupervised Learning

Input data is not labeled and does not have a known result.

A model is prepared by deducing structures present in the input data. This may be to extract general rules. It may be through a mathematical process to systematically reduce redundancy, or it may be to organize data by similarity.

Example problems are clustering, dimensionality reduction and association rule learning.

Example algorithms include: the Apriori algorithm and K-Means.

3. Semi-Supervised Learning

Input data is a mixture of labeled and unlabelled examples.

There is a desired prediction problem but the model must learn the structures to organize the data as well as make predictions.

Example problems are classification and regression.

Example algorithms are extensions to other flexible methods that make assumptions about how to model the unlabeled data.

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How to start with Python
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