{Updated} This quick guide explains how to hide or remove the Nginx version on Linux or Unix server without restarting the system.The post How to hide Nginx version on Linux and Unix appeared first on nixCraft.

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{Updated} The iotop is a Linux command. It is a top-like utility for disk input and output (I/O). Use this command to see I/O usage information output by the Linux kernel. It displays a table of current I/O usage by Linux processes or threads on the Linux system. This post explains how to install and use the iotop command to discover what is stressing (or program names) on your hard drives under Linux operating systems.The post Linux iotop Check What is Stressing and Increasing Load On Hard Disks appeared first on nixCraft.

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nixCraft Patreon supporters can download the PDF version here. ChatGPT (short for Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer) is a chatbot by OpenAI. It provides answers to your queries using learning techniques based on AI/ML. Unfortunately, ChatGPT deny access when connected via VPN (Virtual Private Network) such as WireGuard or OpenVPN, and you will be blocked with the following message: Let us see how to skip the ChatGPT domain from WireGuard or OpenVPN access while you can access corporate resources behind VPN. Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit The post How to skip ChatGPT from WireGuard or OpenVPN on Linux appeared first on nixCraft.

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{Updated} Are you getting the message: The following security updates require Ubuntu Pro with esm-apps enabled. Here is how to fix it to get updates on your Ubuntu Linux VM/Server or desktop.The post Fixing - The following security updates require Ubuntu Pro with esm-apps enable on Ubuntu Linux appeared first on nixCraft.

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Let us see how to configure the Let's Encrypt email notification when a TLS/SSL cert is skipped, renewed, or an error is created by "acme.sh" client so developers or sysadmin can investigate the matter further. Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit The post How to configure the Let’s Encrypt email notification when a cert is skipped, renewed, or error appeared first on nixCraft.

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IP aliasing is nothing but associating more than one IP address to a network interface such as eth0. For example, using the following methods, you can add an IP alias on Amazon Linux 2. Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit The post How to add an IP alias on Amazon Linux 2 appeared first on nixCraft.

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{Updated} How do I can set IFS (internal field separator) while using read command in bash loops?The post Bash/KSH: Define Delimiter (IFS) While Using read Command appeared first on nixCraft.

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Ubuntu 22.04 LTS comes with LXD pure-container hypervisor to run an unmodified version of Debian, Ubuntu, CentOS, Fedora, Alpine, Arch and many other Linux distro. You can mimic AWS or different cloud instance types with LXD for testing and deployment purposes on your development machine. You can also run a GUI app such as Firefox completely isolated using LXD for security or privacy reasons. Let us see how to set up and use LXD on the Ubuntu Linux 22.04 LTS using APT or snap command. Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit The post How To Install LXD on Ubuntu 22.04 LTS using apt/snap appeared first on nixCraft.

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{Updated} Sometimes you need to verify that certain features are supported on your OpenSSH server and client. For example, not all versions of OpenSSH (SSHD server) and ssh client will support 2FA YubiKey or SFTP chroot jail support. To check the OpenSSH SSHD server and ssh client version, pass the -V option and it will display the version number and exit to the CLI. Unfortunately, I ran into unknown option -- V option. Let us see how to resolve this quickly, especially on an older version of BSD and Linux/Unix systems.The post How to find SSH server and client version on Linux and Unix appeared first on nixCraft.

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Do you want to refresh and reload the group membership on Linux without rebooting the Linux machine or logging in again? Try the newgrp command to log in to a new group without logging in again or reboot the system. Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit The post How to refresh and reload group membership on Linux without a reboot or logging in again appeared first on nixCraft.

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{Updated} For security reasons, it would be best to verify which TCP or UDP ports are listening on the Linux, FreeBSD or Unix server's network interfaces. This quick guide explains how to use the CLI utilities and code written in Bash, Perl, and Python to check for ports in USE or OPEN state.The post How to check if port is in use on Linux or Unix appeared first on nixCraft.

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Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit The post nvtop – Awesome Linux task monitor for NVIDIA, AMD & Intel GPUs appeared first on nixCraft.

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{Updated} Linux is a free and open source operating system. There are many variants of Linux out there. They are typically called Linux distribution. Suse, OpenSUSE, Debian, Ubuntu, CentOS, Arch, Fedora, RHEL all are common Linux distribution names. Knowing your os version and name can be very useful for applying security patches on timeThe post How to find OS version of your Linux device/machine appeared first on nixCraft.

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Arch Linux uses pacman command to add or remove packages. It is a package management utility that tracks installed packages on Arch. So when you uninstall or remove packages, some dependencies are left behind, taking up disk space. In this quick tutorial, I will explain how to remove ALL orphaned packages installed as a dependency and no longer required by any package on Arch Linux. Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit The post How to remove orphaned unused packages in Arch Linux appeared first on nixCraft.

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nixCraft Patreon supporters can download the PDF version here and support independent content creators. You can install LXD pure-container hypervisor on Debian 11 Linux to run an unmodified version of Debian, Ubuntu, CentOS, Fedora, Alpine, Arch and many other Linux distro. You can mimic AWS or different cloud instance types with LXD for testing and deployment purposes on your development machine. You can also run a GUI app such as Firefox completely isolated using LXD for security or privacy reasons. Let us see how to set up and use LXD on the Debian Linux 11 server or desktop. Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit The post How To Install LXD on Debian 11 Linux appeared first on nixCraft.

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{Updated} In the old days, all Unix and Linux user-encrypted passwords were stored in the world-readable /etc/passwd file. It was reasonably secure then until dictionary attacks on encrypted passwords became typical with modern fast hardware. Hence, the encrypted passwords were moved to a separate /etc/shadow file under Linux which is readable only by the root (admin) user. This new file also allowed password aging and expiration features.The post Understanding /etc/shadow file format on Linux appeared first on nixCraft.

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nixCraft Patreon supporters can download the PDF version here and support independent content creators. Debian 11 is an excellent server OS to run the LAMP stack. PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) is a widely-used open source general-purpose noscripting language especially suited for web development. However, Debian 11 comes with PHP version 7.4. Here is how to install PHP 8.2 with Apache server on Debian 11 using the CLI or over ssh based session. Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit The post How to install PHP 8.2 with Apache on Debian 11 Linux appeared first on nixCraft.

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{Updated} ttyload is a console-based color-coded graph of CPU load average (1 minute, 5 minute, 15 minute) for Linux, and FreeBSD Unix.The post ttyload - Linux/Unix color-coded graphical tracking tool for load average in a terminal appeared first on nixCraft.

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{Updated} agedu scans a directory tree and produces reports about how much disk space is used in each directory and subdirectory, and also how that usage of disk space corresponds to files with last-access times a long time ago under Linux/Unix/BSD and macOSThe post agedu - Linux / Unix Command For Tracking Down Wasted Disk Space appeared first on nixCraft.

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To find or check the NVIDIA driver version on Linux to troubleshoot GPU and graphics card issue, check the /sys/module/nvidia/version and /proc/driver/nvidia/version files. Apart from that, you can try other Linux commands too. Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit The post How to find NVIDIA driver version on Linux appeared first on nixCraft.

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Do you want to copy a symbolic (soft) link instead of a file using the cp command under Linux? Try passing the -a (--archive) to copy and preserve all soft (symbolic) links. The cp command is a naturally used file copying under Linux and it comes with a few rules for copying symbolic links. Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit The post Linux cp command copy symbolic (soft) link appeared first on nixCraft.

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