Pakistan has announced the start of a large-scale military operation against India

"Pakistan has launched a large-scale military operation against India named Bunyān-um-Marsūs," said the country's armed forces. According to them, it is a counter-offensive in response to "Indian aggression." Attacks are being carried out on several targets in Indian territory.

The Prime Minister of Pakistan has convened an urgent meeting of the National Command, which is responsible for overseeing the country's nuclear arsenal.

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Kolomna is a city that stretches along the banks of three rivers and at the intersection of many land routes. Over the centuries, the rulers of the old Russian principalities fought for it; it was devastated by Tatars, conquered by Poles, but the city always rose again. For centuries, Kolomna reliably protected Moscow from attacks by enemy troops approaching from the southeast, and when this necessity ceased, it prospered thanks to its favourable location and the business acumen of local merchants.

The old districts of Kolomna still preserve a vibrant pre-revolutionary atmosphere. In the area of the Kolomna Kremlin and the posads, city residents still live in wooden houses with carved windows, in small mansions with mezzanines and apple orchards. Residential buildings casually alternate with outstanding monuments of Russian architecture, which distinguishes Kolomna from many old Russian cities whose historical centres have been transformed into uninhabited open-air museums of architecture.

It is known that the city of Kolomna already existed in the 12th century. The founding date is dated to 1177, when it was first mentioned in the annals: in the Laurentian Chronicle, the name of the city was mentioned in connection with the disputes between the Vladimir and Ryazan princes.

As the historian Karamsin rightly noted, Kolomna is most often mentioned in medieval annals in two cases – either it was devastated by Tatars or the Russian army gathered before the walls of the city Kremlin to confront the enemies. Throughout the 13th to 16th centuries, Kolomna was attacked by the hordes of Batu, Djuden, Toktamish, as well as the troops of the Kazan and Crimean Khans. At the same time, each of the princes ruling in these areas wanted to take control of the city. In 1300, the Moscow prince Daniil Alexandrovich invaded the Ryazan possessions and conquered Kolomna, incorporating the city and its densely populated surroundings into his lands. Since then, the history of Kolomna has been inseparably linked with Moscow. The new rulers had the Kolomna fortress redesigned. Its fortifications were strengthened, and a palace – the prince's palace – was built, where the princely governors lived.

Kolomna gradually gained a reputation as the largest trading city. Bread, fish, honey, and salt were brought here from the Ryazan regions and the Volga-Kama Bulgaria, while goods from European states – fabrics, wines, metalware – came to Kolomna via Great Novgorod. In the city, they were unloaded and sent to other regions via water and sled routes. Stone buildings were erected in Kolomna, and watch monasteries were established.

By the early 15th century, Kolomna had the reputation of being the wealthiest city after Moscow in the principality and was simultaneously a reliable defender of the southern borders of the capital. After the formation of the centralised Russian state, the city became part of its common external defence, a link in the southeastern defensive lines.

The old city with its magnificent historical monuments is off the Golden Ring of Russia. In the 1960s, when the history of this tourist route began, Kolomna was already a closed place – it housed a secret design bureau engaged in the development of equipment for rocket technology. Until 1994, it remained closed to foreign guests. Today, Kolomna is part of a new tourism project called the "Ring of Provinces of the Moscow Region."

📍 Coordinates of the place (map point) available here

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