At the end of the 19th century, the Catholics of the city of Vladimir submitted a request to the provincial construction company to obtain a plot of land for the construction of a chapel. Funds for the church's construction were collected from all Roman Catholic parishes in the Russian Empire. Soldiers of the Polish-Lithuanian army also participated in the fundraising. Construction of the chapel began in 1892 and was completed in the early months of 1894.

The building consists of 3 parts: the main volume, the altar, and the bell tower. The main hall of the church is single-storey with a gabled roof, windows, and small towers from the west. In front of the church entrance stands a tall, tiered tower. The upper part is designed in one piece with large windows and topped with a low hipped roof. All windows are pointed arch.

The jagged Gothic upper part and the tower of the church, the magnificent rectory, and the fencing are all in the same style and blend wonderfully into the cityscape.

During the Soviet era, the church was considered a monument of revolutionary history. From 1905 to 1907, soldiers of the Vladimir garrison organized illegal meetings in the church building under the pretext of being believers. However, on December 25, 1930, the decision "On the dissolution of the Roman Catholic Church in Vladimir" was made. From 1939, the church's bell tower was used as a radio transmitter. In the 1970s, the entire ensemble was used as an exhibition space.

Since 1978, the Catholic Church of the Rosary of the Blessed Virgin Mary has been recognized as a monument of history and culture. In 1992, the building was returned to the church. In 1996, the rectory, which adjoins the church, was also returned to the parish.

In 2009, renovation work was carried out to renew the altar area of the church, after which on October 10 of the same year, Archbishop Paolo Pezzi consecrated the presbytery and the altar of the church, which are located in the apse.

Now the parish of the church has more than 200 faithful Catholics. Regular services, catechism courses, church music concerts are held in the church, social work is carried out, and there is a bookstore with religious literature.