Should the Laws of Gravitation be Reconsidered?
The Scientific Legacy of Maurice Allais
(paperback, 479 pages; ISBN 978-0-9864926-5-5)
Héctor A. Múnera, editor
https://web.archive.org/web/20110806013130/http://redshift.vif.com/BookBlurbs/Allais-Gravitation.htm

Denoscription
About the Author
Table of contents

Denoscription
As a tribute to Allais on the 100th anniversary of his birth, this book concentrates on his contributions to physics, in particular to the exciting and controversial field of gravity anomalies, which may open unexpected and completely new avenues in gravity theory. In addition to a short sampling of Allais papers, the book describes experimental efforts to reproduce the Allais eclipse effect, an endeavour that has turned out to be harder than expected because all eclipses are different. Several papers describe optical and geological anomalies that also interested Allais. A final section contains theoretical essays sketching novel gravity models. The book will be of interest not only to students and practitioners of physics, but also to the informed lay public, and even to philosophers of science, and researchers studying the epistemology and politics behind scientific investigation.

Table of Contents
Martin Kokus
Preface
Héctor A. Múnera
Prolegomenon
Part 1: Allais Research in Physics and Memorabilia
Maurice Allais
On the Concept of Ether
Maurice Allais
Should the Laws of Gravitation Be Reconsidered? (Excerpts)
Maurice Allais
New Regularities in Miller’s Observations of 1925-1926
Pierre Fuerxer
The Distribution of Planets and Satellites of Planets
Jean-Bernard Deloly
Maurice Allais and Physics
Guy Berthault
How I Became Involved in Allais Eclipse Effect
Héctor A. Múnera, Chris P. Duif, Dimitrie Olenici
Reminiscences of Allais
Héctor A. Múnera
Some Comments on Allais’s Work in Physics
Part 2: Allais Eclipse Effect
Tom Kuusela
Gravitation Anomalies
Héctor A. Múnera
Local Vertical and Dynamics of Extended Pending Devices
René Verreault
Tidal Accelerations and Dynamical Properties of Three Degrees-of-Freedom Pendula
Erwin J. Saxl, Mildred Allen, Jay Burns
Torsion pendulum: Peculiar diurnal variations in period
Chris P. Duif
Analysis of Diurnal Variations in Saxl’s Torsion Pendulum Data
Lev A. Savrov
Experimental Research with Short Paraconical Pendula of Gravitational Effects During Solar Eclipses
Q.-S. Wang, X.-S. Yang, Wu Wen, Y.-C. Liu, C.-Z. Wu
Gravity Variations During Total Solar Eclipses: A Brief History of Thirty Years of Observations
Antonio Iovane
Simultaneous Occurrence of Periodic Eclipse Anomalies at Distant Sites
Ieronim Mihaila, Nicolae Marcov, Varujan Pambuccian
Observations of the Allais Effect
Dimitrie Olenici, Stefan-Bogdan Olenici-Craciunescu
Short History of Our Research into Allais’s and Jeverdan-Rusu-Antonescu’s Effects
Danut Ionescu
A New Zealand Observation of the Allais Effect
Jinling Li, Dimitrie Olenic, Chao Yuan Yang, Botao Zhang
Paraconical Pendulum Experiment at Shanghai ? Solar Eclipse of 22 July 2009
Thomas J. Goodey
A Paraconical Odyssey Commences
Alexander F. Pugach
Is the Maurice Allais’s Effect Exclusively Gravitational in Nature?
Chris P. Duif
Conventional Explanations of Anomalous Observations During Solar Eclipses
Part 3: Optical and Geological Phenomena

James DeMeo
Dayton C. Miller Revisited
Victor-Otto de Haan
Fibre-Optic Interferometer Anomalies
Martin Kokus
Should the Laws of Geology Be Reconsidered Too?
Part 4: Towards a Theory of Gravity Propagation
D. F. Roscoe
The Problem of Momentum Conservation in Classical Electrodynamics
Reginald T Cahill
Dynamical Three-Space: Emergent Gravity
Maurice Duval
Foundations and Consequences of the Attenuation of Gravity
Héctor A. Múnera
A Le Sagian Atomic-Type Model for Propagation and Generation of Gravity
Appendix 423
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
New Proofs of the Rotation of the Earth

About the Editor
Héctor Augusto Múnera Orozco holds a degree in Chemical Engineering from the University of Antioquia in Medellín, Colombia (1967), an M.Sc. with Distinction in Radiation Studies from the University of Surrey in Guildford, England (1971), and a Ph.D. in Nuclear Engineering from the University of California (Berkeley) (1978). He spent two years doing post-doctoral research on risk analysis at ETHZ, the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich. In 1971 he was awarded the First Graduate Gold Medal Award from the Institution of Nuclear Engineers (London). From February 2000 to September 2008 he was associate professor in the Department of Physics at National University in Bogotá. He worked at the Instituto de Asuntos Nucleares, IAN (the Colombian Atomic Energy Commission), from April 1967 to February 1975 before becoming a partner in an engineering consulting firm from 1975 to 1988. In 1989 he decided to devote his time to research on the foundations of classical physics, and became an associate scientific investigator at the Centro Internacional de Física, CIF (International Centre for Physics) in Bogotá. His main areas of interest are the classical foundations of mechanics and electromagnetism, in part based on repetitions of the Michelson-Morley experiment with a stationary interferometer (December 2002-April 2005). Since 2005, he has been involved in the search for gravity anomalies during eclipses, and on pendulum dynamics. He has published some 60 papers on the peaceful applications of nuclear technology, on risk analysis, and on physics subjects, and contributed to ten collective books in risk analysis and physics..

Should the Laws of Gravitation be Reconsidered?
The Scientific Legacy of Maurice Allais
(paperback, 479 pages; ISBN 978-0-9864926-5-5)
Héctor A. Múnera, editor
https://web.archive.org/web/20110806013130/http://redshift.vif.com/BookBlurbs/Allais-Gravitation.htm

IMPORTANT NOTE ABOUT WIKIPEDIA ENTRIES ON WILHELM REICH AND ORGONOMY: The Wikipedia website entries are popular, but can be altered by virtually any anonymous person who desires to scribble some unsubstantiated personal opinion, gossip or deliberate deceit into them, or to erase legitimate and accurate materials which they object to. Over the years, the Wikipedia entries on "Wilhelm Reich", "orgone energy", "orgonomy", "orgone accumulator", "cloudbusting", and so on, have had important factual materials erased, and substantial falsehood and even slander inserted by the professional "skeptic clubbers" and other "activists" with a personal grudge against Reich's findings. There is a blanket policy for Wikipedia editors to fully censor inclusion of my own experimental work confirming Reich's findings, for example.
By doing so, they have fabricated their own false narrative of Reich as a "quack pornographer" who "went insane" late in life, and who has no scientific support for his orgone energy discoveries. Wikipedia thereby helps to publicly spread a fully malicious misrepresentation of Reich's life and work, while simultaneously censoring and deleting all the newer scientific evidence indicating the importance of his findings for psychology, biology, physics, cosmology and atmospheric science. Wikipedia entries on Reich should therefore not be consulted as accurate material, only as expressions of the open war against his findings which began in Europe in the 1930s, when Nazis and Communists maliciously assaulted him in newspapers, put him on death-lists and burned his books. This same malicious aggression to Get Reich continued in the USA after 1947 when a tidal wave of mainstream media slander began, leading to his death in prison, and the burning of his books. Today, people of similar upset emotional backgrounds aim to utterly destroy the legacy of his research, through continued slander and distortion. For more information, see the page on "Wikipedia Slanders and Disinformation About Wilhelm Reich and Orgonomy". Also see the "Emotional Plague Bibliography" and the OBRL "Response to Skeptics" pages.
James DeMeo, PhD
Director, Orgone Biophysical Research Lab
Ashland, Oregon, USA

from
A Brief History of Wilhelm Reich's Discoveries,
and the Developing Science of Orgonomy
http://www.orgonelab.org/wrhistory.htm
Also, click here to scroll down to:
Debunking Popular Myths and Disinformation About Wilhelm Reich
Reich was NEVER a member of the "Frankfurt group" of
"cultural Marxists", and opposed most of the ideas they promote.

excerpt from My Cancer and the Orgone Box, Nathan Shapiro, Foreword by James Strick

"In one of the most heinous acts of censorship in American history, the FDA obtained a Federal Court Injunction calling for the destruction of Reich's scientific literature. When a student of Reich's, Michael Silvert, violated the Injunction without Reich's knowledge or permission, both men were arrested, tried and jailed for contempt of court. Reich's books and scientific journals were burned under FDA supervision—book burning in the USA, federal commanded—in 1956 and again in 1960. Accumulators were destroyed as well. And Reich died of heart failure in 1957 after a little more than seven months in prison. The FDA created a false narrative of Reich as pseudoscientist aiming to cure cancer, a narrative that has circulated widely ever since. The same false narrative said Reich claimed the accumulator could give patients orgastic potency—again, something Reich never said. From this has arisen an unquenchably recycled tale of the accumulator as a 'sex box.'
[Note:]
"This false narrative is meticulously critiqued in a new documentary film, 'Love, Work and Knowledge: The Life and Trials of Wilhelm Reich ' http://loveworkknowledge.com (2017), rent at https://vimeo.com/ondemand/wr1897. A detailed study of some of Reich's early laboratory experiments, including those that led Reich to believe he had discovered a new form of energy (he named it "orgone") is James Strick, Wilhelm Reich, Biologist (Cambridge, MA: Harvard U. Press, 2015)."

Love, Work, Knowledge: The Life and Trials of Wilhelm Reich
Rent $5.99
Watch Trailer
https://vimeo.com/ondemand/wr1897/357620649?autoplay=1
From: Glenn Orkin
Genres: Documentary
Duration: 1 hour 49 minutes
Availability: Worldwide
https://vimeo.com/ondemand/wr1897
A full length documentary that provides an intimate look at the life and work of Dr. Wilhelm Reich. Using never-before-seen documents, recordings, photos and interviews, this film takes on the lies, rumors and innuendos that perpetuate the distorted view of him and his work that persist to this day. It's the first film to have access to Reich's personal archives, his original films and recordings, his former home in Maine and to thousands of pages of his publications. Filmed on location in Germany, Austria, Norway and throughout the U.S., it includes interviews with Reich scholars and historians, former lab assistants and neighbors - and the last psychiatrist to have trained under Reich.

Health Book 111

Death by Medicine
Revealing the fundamental problem with healthcare of America.

Health Book 112

Vitamins and Minerals demystified.
A self teaching guide.

Wilhelm Reich, Forest Hills, NY, 1946
Eva Reich circa 1948
from
Fury on Earth
A Biography of Wilhelm Reich
by Myron Sharaf
insert

Disease By Law
An Indictment of Compulsory Vaccination
E.W. Allen
London
1884

from
Disease By Law
An Indictment of Compulsory Vaccination
E.W. Allen
London
1884

Elsworth Baker's Foreword to
The Impulsive Character and other writings
written by Wilhelm Reich and translated by Barbara Goldenberg Koopman.
First Printing, October, 1974

This is the first publication in book form, in English, of some of Wilhelm Reich's early writings. The book is divided into two parts. The first, consisting of the monograph The Impulsive Character, originally published in 1925, is purely psychoanalytical and was written during the author's years in Freud's Psychoanalytic Polyclinic in Vienna. The second part, written considerably later, finds Reich deeply involved in biophysics and consists of three important articles that laid the foundation for medical orgonomy. Arranged chronologically, they are: "The Basic Antithesis of Vegetative Life Functions" (written in 1934), "The Orgasm as an Electrophysiological Discharge" (also written in in 1934), and "Experimental Investigation of the Electrical Function of Sexuality and Anxiety" (written in 1936 and published in 1937). These articles, milestones in the history of orgonomy, show the development of Reich's thinking and research from psychoanalysis through his discoveries of vegetative functioning and armoring to orgone energy. One is constantly amazed at his early insights and his ability to plumb the basic issues in both healthy and neurotic functioning. He always thought in functional terms and never allowed himself to indulge in psychoanalytic psychologizing.

The Impulsive Character was written when Reich was only three years out of medical school, but even at this early date he emphasizes the importance of character analysis over the then prevailing free association method. In this monograph he deals with the dynamics of the poorly understood impulsive, or psychopath, and compares the development of this character with normal development and the development of the impulse-inhibited character, or common neurotic. His findings are still valid, though he subsequently changed some of the views that he shared then with his contemporaries. For example, in this monograph he believes that a well-developed latency period is necessary for the achievement of sublimation and thus health. He points out that the impulsive with his chaotic behavior and inability to sublimate has a very short latency period or none at all. But Bronislaw Malinowski showed that the Trobriand Islanders, who were sex-affirmative and allowed children peer-related sexual activity, had no latency period. If the oedipal conflict is decathected in childhood through such activity, there is no need for sexual repression in the latency period. Thus latency is a cultural and not a natural phenomenon. Reich came to fully accept Malinowski's findings.

A second instance in which he was to radically change his views was on the subject of infant feeding. At this time he took for granted the notion that infants must learn to nurse at scheduled intervals. He later saw that this was a compulsive attitude and felt the infant should be allowed to regulate its own schedule, not only in eating but also in its other natural needs. Thus developed his concept of self-regulation.

Little had been written on the impulsive up to that time. Such cases did not turn up in private practice, and whatever was known had been derived from observations in psychiatric hospitals. The Psychoanalytic Polyclinic was established by Freud for the treatment of the poor. Here Reich saw and treated many such cases analytically, and this allowed him to arrive at a number of conclusions about their development. Invariably their upbringing combined a total lack of supervision with the unbridled discharge of impulse, together with periods of of a suddenly imposed repressive training, cruel and sadistic in nature, by parents or other adults. This meant that many impulses broke through in their original form, side by side with the repressed id strivings—this latter giving rise to such neurotic manifestations as compulsions, phobias and amnesias.

All of these patients had been exposed to a chaotic and usually brutal sex life, beginning at the age of four or even earlier and often involving rape by fathers or other adults and indiscriminate sexual play with other children. The child was unable to handle this situation emotionally, as compared to the voluntary, gentle peer-sexuality of the Trobriand Islanders. Sexuality thus remained infantile in character, largely polymorphous perverse and incapable of providing discharge of stasis, which was thus severe in all cases. These impulsives lived out their sexuality very early and with conscious incest wishes. Sadomasochistic behavior was routine. Many of the characteristics of schizophrenia were present, and in some cases it was difficult to differentiate between the two.

Reich found that the impulsive had no circumscribed fixation point such as one finds in the usual neurotic. Actually all erogenous zones were early and equally active, and it was impossible to ascribe any specific fixations. The ego was markedly narcissistic and suggested the schizophrenic. It remained polarized between pleasure ego and superego and defended itself not only against the id in the service of the superego, but also against the superego in the service of the id. This gave rise to the overriding disorganization of the impulsive character. The problem would seem to be a defect in the superego in which repression is dynamic and therefore unsuccessful. Reich coined the term "isolated" for this situation: the superego is not incorporated into the ego and systematic repression is lacking.

Ambivalence is always present, but there are no reactive formations such as one finds in the usual neurotic. Guilt is also present, but remains unattached to the impulses which are allowed expression, such as sadistic acts or criminal behavior. Rather, it is prominent in those areas where repression occurs. Reich achieved considerable success with these individuals and grew to appreciate them for the degree of life they showed, however grossly distorted it might be. He found them more likeable than the usual impulse-inhibited neurotic.

This monograph is particularly important and appropriate at this time for an understanding of the present notable increase in openly impulsive behavior among college students and young militants. This seems to be a result of the contactless permissiveness and unsupervised upbringing so prevalent during the past twenty years: the child, deprived of direction or guidance, feels unloved and cannot establish his ego boundaries. The result is a chaotic libido economy, giving rise to unbearable tension in a structure incapable of normal discharge.

Even in 1925, Reich, with his keen perception, questioned the sex-negative attitude of the times toward children and felt that they should be allowed their own sexual expression according to their age and developmental level, and that this should be affirmed and protected by society. He was to feel this more and more strongly as time passed. At the same time he deplored contactless permissiveness, which he regarded as license rather than freedom.

In the three shorter essays in this book, Reich essentially effected a departure from psychoanalysis into the realm of sex economy and biophysics. In the first paper, "The Basic Antithesis of the Vegetative Life Functions," his functional thinking took him logically and inevitably from the psychic to the physiological realm. Here he starts with the observation that the affect of anxiety, a psychic phenomenon, has a somatic counterpart in the vegetative nervous system. From this he derives a common law, energetically based, governing both the psyche and the soma—namely, the functional identity and antithesis of sexuality and anxiety.

Sexuality then becomes movement out toward the world, or parasympathetic expansion; and anxiety becomes movement away from the world, or sympathetic contraction. Reich thus solved a problem that had long puzzled physiologists.

Why does the parasympathetic, for example, contract the bladder and relax the sphincter while the sympathetic relaxes the bladder and contracts the sphincter? The same is true of the intestinal tract. It seemed paradoxical that one part of the vegetative system should at the same time contract one muscle and relax another, and vice versa. Reich clearly shows why when he demonstrates that the parasympathetic produces expansion, or movement toward the world, and the sympathetic produces contraction, or movement away from the world—from the standpoint of the total organism. One comes to understand that muscular armoring is simply a specific chronic sympathetic excitation (anxiety) which prevents the organism from moving out toward the world and particularly from expressing destructive aggression (hate).

Reich points out that previous investigators had erred in trying to find a meaning in physiological functions. Basic physiological functions cannot in themselves be interpreted psychologically; only their disturbances can be psychogenic. The psychic apparatus has grown out of the physiological one, and thus certain laws pertaining to the latter must also govern the former—such as tension, discharge, stimulus, response, and so on. On the other hand, certain laws apply only to the psychic and are therefore antithetical to the physiological—such as the repression of instinctual drives, introjection, projection, identification, and so on

Reich also makes the interesting observation that the muscular system, the apparatus of destruction, has its origin in the mesoderm, a secondary embryonic structure, while the apparatus of the sexual and anxiety functions is already present in the protozoon. One may recall in this regard that protozoa do not die Natural, but merely divide

Reich foresees muscular armoring by noting that living organisms tend to assume a spherical shape when threatened. In other words, they contract. In higher animals, where muscles are present, this contraction takes place largely in the muscular system.

The second paper in this series, "The Orgasm as an Electrophysiological Discharge," marks further advance into biophysics. Here Reich clearly recognizes an energy discharge in the orgasm, but has not yet identified it as orgone energy. Understandably he sees it as an electrical discharge. He accordingly defines the orgasm formula as mechanical tension, electrical charge, electrical discharge, and mechanical relaxation, and he asks whether the orgasm is a function to be found throughout living nature. He was later able to verify.

Each partner in the sexual act forms part of an electrical system consisting of (1) male circulation; (2) male boundary layer (penile epidermis); (3) female secretions (conducting medium); (4) female boundary (vaginal mucosa); (5) female circulation. The acid vaginal secretion, which is an electrolyte, represents the contact medium between the penile epidermis and the vaginal mucosa. The male and female circulations and the mutually stimulating plasmatic excitations in the autonomic nervous system represent the inherent sources of electrical charge on the organs of contact. Equalization of the potential gradient occurs between the two surfaces—penile epidermis and vaginal mucosa. We now know that the energy involved is not electrical in nature—Reich later called it "orgone energy" and viewed the organism as a total orgone energy system.

In light of these findings, the present writer has described the sexual act as follows:

"As energy increases, the body regularly builds up tension. At a certain point, known as the lumination point, the tension is felt as sexual excitement in the healthy individual. Then normal expansion markedly increases. The skin becomes warm and dry, the pulse full and slow, breathing is deep, vision is sharp, and the genitals fill with blood and become acutely sensitive. The orgone energy field expands and is highly charged.

In full sexual excitement, not only must energy reach the skin surface, particularly the genitals, but think energy must be excited from the core. For excitation to come from the core (the vegetative system), acceptance of the genital feeling and anticipation of genital embrace are necessary. Excitation is further increased through the field and membrane of the sexual object until close contact and union of the genitals become imperative. Rhythmic friction with the medium of a mucus vaginal secretion rapidly produces a peak of energy concentration and excitation in the genital. Discharge occurs through total convulsions of the body—the orgasm—and the economic energy level is reestablished." ¹

The third paper, "Experimental Investigation of the Electrical Function of Sexuality and Anxiety," is an extremely important and brilliant essay that sets forth the experimental evidence on which Reich based the conclusions he drew from his therapeutic work with patients. Biophysics here emerges as a natural science. This was the first time in the annals of science that a subjective experience had been quantified by objective measurements. Freud's concept of libido is shown conclusively to be real energy. The basic antithesis of pleasure (outward toward the world) and anxiety (withdrawal from the world) is shown in the rise or fall of "electrical" charge at the skin surface according to pleasurable or painful stimuli, with the charge corresponding exactly to the sensations felt by the subject being tested. Though all areas of the skin have essentially the same charge in the resting state, erogenous areas have a much greater reactivity to pleasure or pain, and after a disappointment or traumatic experience, reaction to pleasure is slow and cautious. Also, a repeated stimulus does not produce so great an effect as an initial one, and this helps to explain why people who are together too often lose their ability to excite each other.

These experiments also clarify healthy and neurotic sexual behavior. For example, an erect penis shows little increase in charge unless pleasure is felt in the erection. Mechanical tumescence alone cannot increase the charge. Pleasure cannot be forced or achieved voluntarily, but only if the individual is ready for it emotionally. The highest charge is produced by gentle friction in the sequence of an initial withdrawal followed by a forward thrust. It is similar to an animal pulling back before making a spring. One can thus see the rationale of natural movements in the genital embrace.

The centers of biological excitation reside in the vegetative nervous system and lie beyond conscious control. It is therefore futile to seek an intellectual understanding of one's problems unless the body is freed of its unconscious holding and can again function spontaneously in accordance with natural law.

We are indebted to Dr. Barbara Koopman for making these pivotal works available in English and for the clarity, skill, and fidelity of her translation.

Note:
¹ E. F. Baker, Man in the Trap, New York, Macmillan, 1967.