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Hi guys,

Many people charge too much to teach Excel, Power BI, SQL, Python & Tableau but my mission is to break down barriers. I have shared complete learning series to start your data analytics journey from scratch.

For those of you who are new to this channel, here are some quick links to navigate this channel easily.

Data Analyst Learning Plan 👇
https://news.1rj.ru/str/sqlspecialist/752

Python Learning Plan 👇
https://news.1rj.ru/str/sqlspecialist/749

Power BI Learning Plan 👇
https://news.1rj.ru/str/sqlspecialist/745

SQL Learning Plan 👇
https://news.1rj.ru/str/sqlspecialist/738

SQL Learning Series 👇
https://news.1rj.ru/str/sqlspecialist/567

Excel Learning Series 👇
https://news.1rj.ru/str/sqlspecialist/664

Power BI Learning Series 👇
https://news.1rj.ru/str/sqlspecialist/768

Python Learning Series 👇
https://news.1rj.ru/str/sqlspecialist/615

Tableau Essential Topics 👇
https://news.1rj.ru/str/sqlspecialist/667

Free Data Analytics Resources 👇
https://news.1rj.ru/str/datasimplifier

You can find more resources on Medium & Linkedin

Like for more ❤️

Thanks to all who support our channel and share it with friends & loved ones. You guys are really amazing.

Hope it helps :)

Hey guys,

Today, let’s talk about SQL conceptual questions that are often asked in data analyst interviews. These questions test not only your technical skills but also your conceptual understanding of SQL and its real-world applications.

1. What is the difference between SQL and NoSQL?

- SQL (Structured Query Language) is a relational database management system, meaning it uses tables (rows and columns) to store data.
- NoSQL databases, on the other hand, handle unstructured data and don’t rely on a schema, making them more flexible in terms of data storage and retrieval.
- Interview Tip: Don't just memorize definitions. Be prepared to explain scenarios where you’d use SQL over NoSQL, and vice versa.

2. What is the difference between INNER JOIN and OUTER JOIN?

- An INNER JOIN returns records that have matching values in both tables.
- An OUTER JOIN returns all records from one table and the matched records from the second table. If there's no match, NULL values are returned.

3. How do you optimize a SQL query for better performance?

- Indexing: Create indexes on columns used frequently in WHERE, JOIN, or GROUP BY clauses.
- Query optimization: Use appropriate WHERE clauses to reduce the data set and avoid unnecessary calculations.
- Avoid SELECT *: Always specify the columns you need to reduce the amount of data retrieved.
- Limit results: If you only need a subset of the data, use the LIMIT clause.

4. What are the different types of SQL constraints?

Constraints are used to enforce rules on data in a table. They ensure the accuracy and reliability of the data. The most common types are:

- PRIMARY KEY: Ensures each record is unique and not null.
- FOREIGN KEY: Enforces a relationship between two tables.
- UNIQUE: Ensures all values in a column are unique.
- NOT NULL: Prevents NULL values from being entered into a column.
- CHECK: Ensures a column's values meet a specific condition.

5. What is normalization? What are the different normal forms?

Normalization is the process of organizing data to reduce redundancy and improve data integrity. Here’s a quick overview of normal forms:

- 1NF (First Normal Form): Ensures that all values in a table are atomic (indivisible).
- 2NF (Second Normal Form): Ensures that the table is in 1NF and that all non-key columns are fully dependent on the primary key.
- 3NF (Third Normal Form): Ensures that the table is in 2NF and all columns are independent of each other except for the primary key.

6. What is a subquery?

A subquery is a query within another query. It's used to perform operations that need intermediate results before generating the final query.

Example:

SELECT employee_id, name
FROM employees
WHERE salary > (SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees);

In this case, the subquery calculates the average salary, and the outer query selects employees whose salary is greater than the average.

7. What is the difference between a UNION and a UNION ALL?

- UNION combines the result sets of two SELECT statements and removes duplicates.
- UNION ALL combines the result sets and includes duplicates.

8. What is the difference between WHERE and HAVING clause?

- WHERE filters rows before any groupings are made. It’s used with SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statements.
- HAVING filters groups after the GROUP BY clause.

9. How would you handle NULL values in SQL?

NULL values can represent missing or unknown data. Here’s how to manage them:

- Use IS NULL or IS NOT NULL in WHERE clauses to filter null values.
- Use COALESCE() or IFNULL() to replace NULL values with default ones.

Example:

SELECT name, COALESCE(age, 0) AS age
FROM employees;

10. What is the purpose of the GROUP BY clause?

The GROUP BY clause groups rows with the same values into summary rows. It’s often used with aggregate functions like COUNT, SUM, AVG, etc.

Example:

SELECT department, COUNT(*)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department;

Here you can find SQL Interview Resources👇
https://news.1rj.ru/str/DataSimplifier

Share with credits: https://news.1rj.ru/str/sqlspecialist

Hope it helps :)

Advanced SQL Optimization Tips for Data Analysts

Use Proper Indexing: Create indexes for frequently queried columns.

Avoid SELECT *: Specify only required columns to improve performance.

Use WHERE Instead of HAVING: Filter data early in the query.

Limit Joins: Avoid excessive joins to reduce query complexity.

Apply LIMIT or TOP: Retrieve only the required rows.

Optimize Joins: Use INNER JOIN over OUTER JOIN where applicable.

Use Temporary Tables: Break complex queries into smaller parts.

Avoid Functions on Indexed Columns: It prevents index usage.

Use CTEs for Readability: Simplify nested queries using Common Table Expressions.

Analyze Execution Plans: Identify bottlenecks and optimize queries.

Here you can find SQL Interview Resources👇
https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaGgzAk72WTmQFERKh02

Like this post if you need more 👍❤️

Share with credits: https://news.1rj.ru/str/sqlspecialist

Hope it helps :)

𝗔𝗿𝗲 𝗬𝗼𝘂 𝗦𝗸𝗶𝗽𝗽𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗧𝗵𝗶𝘀 𝗜𝗺𝗽𝗼𝗿𝘁𝗮𝗻𝘁 𝗦𝘁𝗲𝗽 𝗪𝗵𝗲𝗻 𝗪𝗿𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗦𝗤𝗟 𝗤𝘂𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗲𝘀?

𝗧𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗸 𝘆𝗼𝘂𝗿 𝗦𝗤𝗟 𝗾𝘂𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗲𝘀 𝗮𝗿𝗲 𝗲𝗳𝗳𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗲𝗻𝘁? 𝗬𝗼𝘂 𝗺𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘁 𝗯𝗲 𝘀𝗸𝗶𝗽𝗽𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘁𝗵𝗶𝘀!

Hi everyone! Writing SQL queries can be tricky, especially if you forget to include one key part: indexing.

When I first started writing SQL queries, I didn’t pay much attention to indexing. My queries worked, but they took way longer to run.

Here’s why indexing is so important:

- 𝗪𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗜𝘀 𝗜𝗻𝗱𝗲𝘅𝗶𝗻𝗴?: Indexing is like creating a shortcut for your database to find the data you need faster. Without it, your database might have to scan through all the data, making your queries slow.

- 𝗪𝗵𝘆 𝗜𝘁 𝗠𝗮𝘁𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘀: If your query takes too long, it can slow down your entire system. Adding the right indexes helps your queries run faster and more efficiently.

- 𝗛𝗼𝘄 𝘁𝗼 𝗨𝘀𝗲 𝗜𝗻𝗱𝗲𝘅𝗲𝘀: When you create a table, consider which columns are used often in WHERE clauses or JOIN conditions. Index those columns to speed up your queries.

Indexing is a simple step that can make a big difference in performance. Don’t skip it!

Hope it helps :)

Complete roadmap to learn Python and Data Structures & Algorithms (DSA) in 2 months

### Week 1: Introduction to Python

Day 1-2: Basics of Python
- Python setup (installation and IDE setup)
- Basic syntax, variables, and data types
- Operators and expressions

Day 3-4: Control Structures
- Conditional statements (if, elif, else)
- Loops (for, while)

Day 5-6: Functions and Modules
- Function definitions, parameters, and return values
- Built-in functions and importing modules

Day 7: Practice Day
- Solve basic problems on platforms like HackerRank or LeetCode

### Week 2: Advanced Python Concepts

Day 8-9: Data Structures in Python
- Lists, tuples, sets, and dictionaries
- List comprehensions and generator expressions

Day 10-11: Strings and File I/O
- String manipulation and methods
- Reading from and writing to files

Day 12-13: Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
- Classes and objects
- Inheritance, polymorphism, encapsulation

Day 14: Practice Day
- Solve intermediate problems on coding platforms

### Week 3: Introduction to Data Structures

Day 15-16: Arrays and Linked Lists
- Understanding arrays and their operations
- Singly and doubly linked lists

Day 17-18: Stacks and Queues
- Implementation and applications of stacks
- Implementation and applications of queues

Day 19-20: Recursion
- Basics of recursion and solving problems using recursion
- Recursive vs iterative solutions

Day 21: Practice Day
- Solve problems related to arrays, linked lists, stacks, and queues

### Week 4: Fundamental Algorithms

Day 22-23: Sorting Algorithms
- Bubble sort, selection sort, insertion sort
- Merge sort and quicksort

Day 24-25: Searching Algorithms
- Linear search and binary search
- Applications and complexity analysis

Day 26-27: Hashing
- Hash tables and hash functions
- Collision resolution techniques

Day 28: Practice Day
- Solve problems on sorting, searching, and hashing

### Week 5: Advanced Data Structures

Day 29-30: Trees
- Binary trees, binary search trees (BST)
- Tree traversals (in-order, pre-order, post-order)

Day 31-32: Heaps and Priority Queues
- Understanding heaps (min-heap, max-heap)
- Implementing priority queues using heaps

Day 33-34: Graphs
- Representation of graphs (adjacency matrix, adjacency list)
- Depth-first search (DFS) and breadth-first search (BFS)

Day 35: Practice Day
- Solve problems on trees, heaps, and graphs

### Week 6: Advanced Algorithms

Day 36-37: Dynamic Programming
- Introduction to dynamic programming
- Solving common DP problems (e.g., Fibonacci, knapsack)

Day 38-39: Greedy Algorithms
- Understanding greedy strategy
- Solving problems using greedy algorithms

Day 40-41: Graph Algorithms
- Dijkstra’s algorithm for shortest path
- Kruskal’s and Prim’s algorithms for minimum spanning tree

Day 42: Practice Day
- Solve problems on dynamic programming, greedy algorithms, and advanced graph algorithms

### Week 7: Problem Solving and Optimization

Day 43-44: Problem-Solving Techniques
- Backtracking, bit manipulation, and combinatorial problems

Day 45-46: Practice Competitive Programming
- Participate in contests on platforms like Codeforces or CodeChef

Day 47-48: Mock Interviews and Coding Challenges
- Simulate technical interviews
- Focus on time management and optimization

Day 49: Review and Revise
- Go through notes and previously solved problems
- Identify weak areas and work on them

### Week 8: Final Stretch and Project

Day 50-52: Build a Project
- Use your knowledge to build a substantial project in Python involving DSA concepts

Day 53-54: Code Review and Testing
- Refactor your project code
- Write tests for your project

Day 55-56: Final Practice
- Solve problems from previous contests or new challenging problems

Day 57-58: Documentation and Presentation
- Document your project and prepare a presentation or a detailed report

Day 59-60: Reflection and Future Plan
- Reflect on what you've learned
- Plan your next steps (advanced topics, more projects, etc.)

Best DSA RESOURCES: https://topmate.io/coding/886874

Credits: https://news.1rj.ru/str/free4unow_backup

ENJOY LEARNING 👍👍

Essential Skills Excel for Data Analysts 🚀

1️⃣ Data Cleaning & Transformation

Remove Duplicates – Ensure unique records.
Find & Replace – Quick data modifications.
Text Functions – TRIM, LEN, LEFT, RIGHT, MID, PROPER.
Data Validation – Restrict input values.

2️⃣ Data Analysis & Manipulation

Sorting & Filtering – Organize and extract key insights.
Conditional Formatting – Highlight trends, outliers.
Pivot Tables – Summarize large datasets efficiently.
Power Query – Automate data transformation.

3️⃣ Essential Formulas & Functions

Lookup Functions – VLOOKUP, HLOOKUP, XLOOKUP, INDEX-MATCH.
Logical Functions – IF, AND, OR, IFERROR, IFS.
Aggregation Functions – SUM, AVERAGE, MIN, MAX, COUNT, COUNTA.
Text Functions – CONCATENATE, TEXTJOIN, SUBSTITUTE.

4️⃣ Data Visualization
Charts & Graphs – Bar, Line, Pie, Scatter, Histogram.

Sparklines – Miniature charts inside cells.
Conditional Formatting – Color scales, data bars.
Dashboard Creation – Interactive and dynamic reports.

5️⃣ Advanced Excel Techniques
Array Formulas – Dynamic calculations with multiple values.
Power Pivot & DAX – Advanced data modeling.
What-If Analysis – Goal Seek, Scenario Manager.
Macros & VBA – Automate repetitive tasks.

6️⃣ Data Import & Export
CSV & TXT Files – Import and clean raw data.
Power Query – Connect to databases, web sources.
Exporting Reports – PDF, CSV, Excel formats.

Here you can find some free Excel books & useful resources: https://news.1rj.ru/str/excel_data

Hope it helps :)

#dataanalyst

"Amidst the unforgiving desert landscape, a lone wanderer treads cautiously through the golden sands, guided only by the whispering wind and the promise of an elusive oasis. The setting sun paints the sky in vibrant hues as the stars begin to twinkle in the vast, lonely horizon. This breathtaking scene, captured in a vividly detailed painting, showcases the wild beauty and harsh reality of a solitary journey through the arid wilderness. Every brushstroke and color choice exudes a sense of desolation and awe-inspiring wonder, creating an image that truly transports viewers to a world of blazing heat and serene beauty"
⭐⭐⭐ 3.17 (43)

Are you looking to become a machine learning engineer? 🤖
The algorithm brought you to the right place! 🚀

I created a free and comprehensive roadmap. Let’s go through this thread and explore what you need to know to become an expert machine learning engineer:

📚 Math & Statistics
Just like most other data roles, machine learning engineering starts with strong foundations from math, especially in linear algebra, probability, and statistics. Here’s what you need to focus on:

- Basic probability concepts 🎲
- Inferential statistics 📊
- Regression analysis 📈
- Experimental design & A/B testing 🔍
- Bayesian statistics 🔢
- Calculus 🧮
- Linear algebra 🔠

🐍 Python
You can choose Python, R, Julia, or any other language, but Python is the most versatile and flexible language for machine learning.

- Variables, data types, and basic operations ✏️
- Control flow statements (e.g., if-else, loops) 🔄
- Functions and modules 🔧
- Error handling and exceptions ❌
- Basic data structures (e.g., lists, dictionaries, tuples) 🗂️
- Object-oriented programming concepts 🧱
- Basic work with APIs 🌐
- Detailed data structures and algorithmic thinking 🧠

🧪 Machine Learning Prerequisites
- Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) with NumPy and Pandas 🔍
- Data visualization techniques to visualize variables 📉
- Feature extraction & engineering 🛠️
- Encoding data (different types) 🔐

⚙️ Machine Learning Fundamentals
Use the scikit-learn library along with other Python libraries for:

- Supervised Learning: Linear Regression, K-Nearest Neighbors, Decision Trees 📊
- Unsupervised Learning: K-Means Clustering, Principal Component Analysis, Hierarchical Clustering 🧠
- Reinforcement Learning: Q-Learning, Deep Q Network, Policy Gradients 🕹️

Solve two types of problems:
- Regression 📈
- Classification 🧩

🧠 Neural Networks
Neural networks are like computer brains that learn from examples 🧠, made up of layers of "neurons" that handle data. They learn without explicit instructions.

Types of Neural Networks:
- Feedforward Neural Networks: Simplest form, with straight connections and no loops 🔄
- Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs): Great for images, learning visual patterns 🖼️
- Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs): Good for sequences like text or time series 📚

In Python, use TensorFlow and Keras, as well as PyTorch for more complex neural network systems.

🕸️ Deep Learning
Deep learning is a subset of machine learning that can learn unsupervised from data that is unstructured or unlabeled.

- CNNs 🖼️
- RNNs 📝
- LSTMs ⏳

🚀 Machine Learning Project Deployment

Machine learning engineers should dive into MLOps and project deployment.

Here are the must-have skills:

- Version Control for Data and Models 🗃️
- Automated Testing and Continuous Integration (CI) 🔄
- Continuous Delivery and Deployment (CD) 🚚
- Monitoring and Logging 🖥️
- Experiment Tracking and Management 🧪
- Feature Stores 🗂️
- Data Pipeline and Workflow Orchestration 🛠️
- Infrastructure as Code (IaC) 🏗️
- Model Serving and APIs 🌐

Best Data Science & Machine Learning Resources: https://topmate.io/coding/914624

ENJOY LEARNING 👍👍

🔰 SQL Roadmap for Beginners 2025
├── 🗃 Introduction to Databases & SQL
├── 📄 SQL vs NoSQL (Just Basics)
├── 🧱 Database Concepts (Tables, Rows, Columns, Keys)
├── 🔍 Basic SQL Queries (SELECT, WHERE)
├── ✏️ Filtering & Sorting Data (ORDER BY, LIMIT)
├── 🔢 SQL Operators (IN, BETWEEN, LIKE, AND, OR)
├── 📊 Aggregate Functions (COUNT, SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX)
├── 👥 GROUP BY & HAVING Clauses
├── 🔗 SQL JOINS (INNER, LEFT, RIGHT, FULL, SELF)
├── 📦 Subqueries & Nested Queries
├── 🏷 Aliases & Case Statements
├── 🧾 Views & Indexes (Basics)
├── 🧠 Common Table Expressions (CTEs)
├── 🔄 Window Functions (ROW_NUMBER, RANK, PARTITION BY)
├── ⚙️ Data Manipulation (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE)
├── 🧱 Data Definition (CREATE, ALTER, DROP)
├── 🔐 Constraints & Relationships (PK, FK, UNIQUE, CHECK)
├── 🧪 Real-world SQL Scenarios & Challenges

Like for detailed explanation ❤️

#sql