ESP32 SD Card Module Not Mounting Card

I am trying to get a MicroSD card adapter to work with my ESP32 DevKit-V1, but I can't happen to get it working. I've gotten the same module to work with an Arduino Uno on 5V, but I cannot get it to work with my ESP32. Code is below, but here are my troubleshooting steps.

I'm using a cheap HW-125 SD card adapter with my ESP32 DevKit-V1 with the following pinout:

* CS - D5
* SCK - D18
* MOSI - D23
* MISO - D19
* VCC - 3.3V
* GND - GND

Troubleshooting steps I've tried

* I tried a second HW-125 to ensure I didn't burn the first one
* Re-formatted the 8GB SD card to FAT32 using official SD formatter tool
* Tried connecting VCC to a 5V source instead of the 3.3V (with a common ground)
* Tried changing the GPIO pins
* Tried changing the card speed in the code from 4MHz to 7.5 MHz to 0.4 MHz
* Ensure my card appears when plugged into a computer

Only other think I can think of is running all wires through a level shifter to 5V. I'm completely lost and appreciate any help.

In addition to this code, I've also tried the example code in the Arduino IDE library.

#include "FS.h"
#include "SD.h"
#include "SPI.h"


#define SD_CS 5 // This is the correct CS pin for VSPI on DevKit-V1


// Create an SPI class instance on the VSPI bus (default for your board)
SPIClass spi = SPIClass(VSPI);


void setup() {
  Serial.begin(115200);
  delay(2000);
  Serial.println("=== Testing with Default VSPI Pins ===");


  // Initialize SPI bus. Use -1 for the hardware SS pin.
  // SCK=18, MISO=19, MOSI=23, SS=-1 (not used)
  spi.begin(18, 19, 23, -1);


  // Initialize SD card with the defined CS pin
  if(!SD.begin(SD_CS, spi, 7500000)) {
    Serial.println("Card Mount Failed");
    return;
  }
  Serial.println("SUCCESS: Card initialized.");
 
  // Optional: List root directory to confirm communication
  listDir(SD, "/", 0);
}


void loop() {
  // Nothing here
}


// Helper function to list directory contents (optional)
void listDir(fs::FS &fs, const char * dirname, uint8_t levels){
    Serial.printf("Listing directory: %s\n", dirname);
    File root = fs.open(dirname);
    if(!root){
        Serial.println("Failed to open directory");
        return;
    }
    if(!root.isDirectory()){
        Serial.println("Not a directory");
        return;
    }
    File file = root.openNextFile();
    while(file){
        if(file.isDirectory()){
            Serial.print("  DIR : ");
            Serial.println(file.name());
            if(levels){
                listDir(fs, file.name(), levels -1);
            }
        } else {
            Serial.print("  FILE: ");
            Serial.print(file.name());
            Serial.print("  SIZE: ");
            Serial.println(file.size());
        }
        file = root.openNextFile();
    }
}

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