Data engineering interviews will be 10x easier if you learn these tools in sequence👇

➤ 𝗣𝗿𝗲-𝗿𝗲𝗾𝘂𝗶𝘀𝗶𝘁𝗲𝘀
- SQL is very important
- Learn Python Funddamentals
- Pandas and Numpy Library in Python.

➤ 𝗢𝗻-𝗣𝗿𝗲𝗺 𝘁𝗼𝗼𝗹𝘀
- Learn Pyspark - In Depth (Processing tool)
- Hadoop (Distrubuted Storage)
- Hive (Datawarehouse)
- Hbase (NoSQL Database)
- Airflow (Orchestration)
- Kafka (Streaming platform)
- CICD for production readiness

➤ 𝗖𝗹𝗼𝘂𝗱 (𝗔𝗻𝘆 𝗼𝗻𝗲)
- AWS
- Azure
- GCP

➤ Do a couple of projects to get a good feel of it.

Here, you can find Data Engineering Resources 👇
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All the best 👍👍

𝗪𝗮𝗻𝘁 𝘁𝗼 𝗟𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗻 𝗜𝗻-𝗗𝗲𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗧𝗲𝗰𝗵 𝗦𝗸𝗶𝗹𝗹𝘀 — 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗙𝗥𝗘𝗘 — 𝗗𝗶𝗿𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗹𝘆 𝗳𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗚𝗼𝗼𝗴𝗹𝗲?😍

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Top 30 Data Engineering Interview Questions

𝗔𝗽𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝗽𝗮𝗿𝗸
- What is the difference between transformations and actions in Spark, and can you provide an example?
- How can data partitioning be optimized for performance in Spark?
- What is the difference between cache() and persist() in Spark, and when would you use each?

𝗔𝗽𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗲 𝗞𝗮𝗳𝗸𝗮
- How does Kafka partitioning enable scalability and load balancing?
- How does Kafka’s replication mechanism provide durability and fault tolerance?
- How would you manage Kafka consumer rebalancing to minimize data loss?

𝗔𝗽𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗲 𝗔𝗶𝗿𝗳𝗹𝗼𝘄
- What are dynamic DAGs in Airflow, and what benefits do they offer?
- What are Airflow pools, and how do they help control task concurrency?
- How do you implement time-based and event-based triggers for DAGs in Airflow?

𝗗𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝗪𝗮𝗿𝗲𝗵𝗼𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗻𝗴
- How would you design a data warehouse schema for an e-commerce platform?
- What is the difference between OLAP and OLTP, and how do they complement each other?
- What are materialized views, and how do they improve query performance?

𝗖𝗜/𝗖𝗗
- How do you integrate automated testing into a CI/CD pipeline for ETL jobs?
- How do you manage environment-specific configurations in a CI/CD pipeline?
- How is version control managed for database schemas and ETL noscripts in a CI/CD pipeline?

𝗦𝗤𝗟
- How do you write a query to fetch the top 5 highest salaries in each department?
- What’s the difference between the HAVING and WHERE clauses in SQL?
- How do you handle NULL values in SQL, and how do they affect aggregate functions?

𝗣𝘆𝘁𝗵𝗼𝗻
- How do you handle large datasets in Python, and which libraries would you use for performance?
- What are context managers in Python, and how do they help with resource management?
- How do you manage and log errors in Python-based ETL pipelines?

𝗔𝘇𝘂𝗿𝗲 𝗗𝗮𝘁𝗮𝗯𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗸𝘀
- How would you optimize a Databricks job using Spark SQL on large datasets?
- What is Delta Lake in Databricks, and how does it ensure data consistency?
- How do you manage and secure access to Databricks clusters for multiple users?

𝗔𝘇𝘂𝗿𝗲 𝗗𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝗙𝗮𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘆
- What are linked services in Azure Data Factory, and how do they facilitate data integration?
- How do you use mapping data flows in Azure Data Factory to transform and filter data?
- How do you monitor and troubleshoot failures in Azure Data Factory pipelines?

𝗧𝗖𝗦 𝗙𝗥𝗘𝗘 𝗗𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝗔𝗻𝗮𝗹𝘆𝘁𝗶𝗰𝘀 𝗖𝗲𝗿𝘁𝗶𝗳𝗶𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝘂𝗿𝘀𝗲𝘀😍

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𝟲 𝗕𝗲𝘀𝘁 𝗬𝗼𝘂𝗧𝘂𝗯𝗲 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗲𝗹𝘀 𝘁𝗼 𝗠𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗣𝗼𝘄𝗲𝗿 𝗕𝗜😍

Power BI Isn’t Just a Tool—It’s a Career Game-Changer🚀

Whether you’re a student, a working professional, or switching careers, learning Power BI can set you apart in the competitive world of data analytics📊

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𝗘𝗻𝗱-𝘁𝗼-𝗘𝗻𝗱 𝗗𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝗘𝗻𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗲𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗷𝗲𝗰𝘁 𝗙𝗹𝗼𝘄

From real-time streaming to batch processing, data lakes to warehouses, ETL to BI, etc this covers it all !

Simple Example:

◾ The project starts with data ingestion using APIs and batch processes to collect raw data.
◾ Apache Kafka enables real-time streaming, while ETL pipelines process and transform the data efficiently.
◾ Apache Airflow orchestrates workflows, ensuring seamless scheduling and automation.
◾ The processed data is stored in a Delta Lake with ACID transactions, maintaining reliability and governance.
◾ For analytics, the data is structured in a Data Warehouse (Snowflake, Redshift, or BigQuery) using optimized star schema modeling.
◾ SQL indexing and Parquet compression enhance performance.
◾ Apache Spark enables high-speed parallel computing for advanced transformations.
◾ BI tools provide insights, while DataOps with CI/CD automates deployments.

𝗟𝗲𝘁𝘀 𝗸𝗻𝗼𝘄 𝗺𝗼𝗿𝗲 𝗮𝗯𝗼𝘂𝘁 𝗗𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝗘𝗻𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗲𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴:

- ETL + Data Pipelines = Data Flow Automation  
- SQL + Indexing = Query Optimization  
- Apache Airflow + DAGs = Workflow Orchestration  
- Apache Kafka + Streaming = Real-Time Data  
- Snowflake + Data Sharing = Cross-Platform Analytics  
- Delta Lake + ACID Transactions = Reliable Data Storage  
- Data Lake + Data Governance = Managed Data Assets  
- Data Warehouse + BI Tools = Business Insights  
- Apache Spark + Parallel Processing = High-Speed Computing  
- Parquet + Compression = Optimized Storage  
- Redshift + Spectrum = Querying External Data  
- BigQuery + Serverless SQL = Scalable Analytics  
- Data Engineering + Python = Automation & Scripting  
- Batch Processing + Scheduling = Scalable Data Workflows  
- DataOps + CI/CD = Automated Deployments  
- Data Modeling + Star Schema = Optimized Analytics  
- Metadata Management + Data Catalogs = Data Discovery  
- Data Ingestion + API Calls = Seamless Data Flow  
- Graph Databases + Neo4j = Relationship Analytics  
- Data Masking + Privacy Compliance = Secure Data 

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𝟱 𝗙𝗥𝗘𝗘 𝗜𝗕𝗠 𝗖𝗲𝗿𝘁𝗶𝗳𝗶𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝘂𝗿𝘀𝗲𝘀 𝘁𝗼 𝗦𝗸𝘆𝗿𝗼𝗰𝗸𝗲𝘁 𝗬𝗼𝘂𝗿 𝗥𝗲𝘀𝘂𝗺𝗲😍

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Lets say you have 5 TB of data stored in your Amazon S3 bucket consisting of 500 million records and 100 columns.

Now, suppose there are 100 cities and you want to get the data for a particular city, and you want to retrieve only 10 columns.

~ considering each city has equal amount of records,
we want to get 1% of data in terms of number of rows
and 10% in terms of columns

thats roughly 0.1% of the actual data which might be 5 GB roughly.

Now lets the pricing if you are using serverless technology like AWS Athena

- the worst case you end up having the data in a csv format (row based) with no compression. you end up scanning the entire 5 TB data and you pay $25 for this query. (The charges are $5 for each TB of data scanned)

Now lets try to improve it..

- use a columnar file format like parquet with snappy compression which takes lesser space so your 5 TB data might roughly become 2 TB (actually it will be even lesser)

- partition this based on city so that we have 1 folder for each city.

This way you have 2 TB data sitting across 100 folders, but you have to scan just one folder which is 20 GB,

Not just this you need 10 columns out of 100 so roughly you scan 10% of 20 GB (as we are using columnar file format)

This comes out to be 2 GB only.

so how much do we pay?
just $.01 which is 2500 times lesser than what you paid earlier.

This is how you save cost.

what we did?

- using columnar file formats for column pruning
- using partitioning for row pruning
- using efficient compression techniques

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SNOWFLAKES AND DATABRICKS

Snowflake and Databricks are leading cloud data platforms, but how do you choose the right one for your needs?

🌐  𝐒𝐧𝐨𝐰𝐟𝐥𝐚𝐤𝐞

❄️ 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞: Snowflake operates as a cloud-native data warehouse-as-a-service, streamlining data storage and management without the need for complex infrastructure setup.

❄️ 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡𝐬: It provides robust ELT (Extract, Load, Transform) capabilities primarily through its COPY command, enabling efficient data loading.
❄️  Snowflake offers dedicated schema and file object definitions, enhancing data organization and accessibility.

❄️  𝐅𝐥𝐞𝐱𝐢𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲: One of its standout features is the ability to create multiple independent compute clusters that can operate on a single data copy. This flexibility allows for enhanced resource allocation based on varying workloads.

❄️ 𝐃𝐚𝐭𝐚 𝐄𝐧𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠: While Snowflake primarily adopts an ELT approach, it seamlessly integrates with popular third-party ETL tools such as Fivetran, Talend, and supports DBT installation. This integration makes it a versatile choice for organizations looking to leverage existing tools.

🌐 𝐃𝐚𝐭𝐚𝐛𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐤𝐬

❄️  𝐂𝐨𝐫𝐞: Databricks is fundamentally built around processing power, with native support for Apache Spark, making it an exceptional platform for ETL tasks. This integration allows users to perform complex data transformations efficiently.

❄️ 𝐒𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞: It utilizes a 'data lakehouse' architecture, which combines the features of a data lake with the ability to run SQL queries. This model is gaining traction as organizations seek to leverage both structured and unstructured data in a unified framework.

🌐 𝐊𝐞𝐲 𝐓𝐚𝐤𝐞𝐚𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬

❄️ 𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐭 𝐍𝐞𝐞𝐝𝐬: Both Snowflake and Databricks excel in their respective areas, addressing different data management requirements.

❄️ 𝐒𝐧𝐨𝐰𝐟𝐥𝐚𝐤𝐞’𝐬 𝐈𝐝𝐞𝐚𝐥 𝐔𝐬𝐞 𝐂𝐚𝐬𝐞: If you are equipped with established ETL tools like Fivetran, Talend, or Tibco, Snowflake could be the perfect choice. It efficiently manages the complexities of database infrastructure, including partitioning, scalability, and indexing.

❄️ 𝐃𝐚𝐭𝐚𝐛𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐤𝐬 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐱 𝐋𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐬𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐞𝐬: Conversely, if your organization deals with a complex data landscape characterized by unpredictable sources and schemas, Databricks—with its schema-on-read technique—may be more advantageous.

🌐 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐥𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧:

Ultimately, the decision between Snowflake and Databricks should align with your specific data needs and organizational goals. Both platforms have established their niches, and understanding their strengths will guide you in selecting the right tool for your data strategy.

Data Engineering Tools:

Apache Hadoop 🗂️ – Distributed storage and processing for big data

Apache Spark ⚡ – Fast, in-memory processing for large datasets

Airflow 🦋 – Orchestrating complex data workflows

Kafka 🐦 – Real-time data streaming and messaging

ETL Tools (e.g., Talend, Fivetran) 🔄 – Extract, transform, and load data pipelines

dbt 🔧 – Data transformation and analytics engineering

Snowflake ❄️ – Cloud-based data warehousing

Google BigQuery 📊 – Managed data warehouse for big data analysis

Redshift 🔴 – Amazon’s scalable data warehouse

MongoDB Atlas 🌿 – Fully-managed NoSQL database service

React ❤️ for more

Free Resources: https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029Vaovs0ZKbYMKXvKRYi3C