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BACKEND BASICS

51. What is REST architecture and its principles?
52. What are HTTP methods and common HTTP status codes?
53. What does stateless architecture mean?
54. What is the difference between authentication and authorization?
55. How does JWT-based authentication work?
56. What is the difference between cookies, local storage, and session storage?
57. What is CORS and how do you resolve CORS issues?
58. What is middleware and why is it used?
59. Why is API versioning important?
60. What is rate limiting and how is it implemented?

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Top Websites to practice coding skills

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Important Coding Algorithms

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The best way to learn JavaScript is by practicing examples. In this post, I have posted some basic programs for internships purpose and pratice.

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✅ HTML5 Basics You Should Know 🌐

HTML5 is the latest version of HTML (HyperText Markup Language). It structures web content using elements and adds semantic meaning, form control, media support, and improved accessibility.

🧱 Basic Structure of an HTML5 Page:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <noscript>My First Page</noscript>
</head>
<body>
  <h1>Welcome to HTML5!</h1>
  <p>This is a simple paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

📌 Key HTML5 Features with Examples:

1️⃣ Semantic Elements – Makes code readable SEO-friendly:

<header>My Website Header</header>
<nav>Links go here</nav>
<main>
  <article>News article content</article>
  <aside>Sidebar info</aside>
</main>
<footer>Contact info</footer>

2️⃣ Media Tags – Add audio and video easily:

<video width="300" controls>
  <source src="video.mp4" type="video/mp4">
</video>

<audio controls>
  <source src="audio.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
</audio>

3️⃣ Form Enhancements – New input types:

<form>
  <input type="email" placeholder="Enter your email">
  <input type="date">
  <input type="range" min="1" max="10">
  <input type="submit">
</form>

4️⃣ Canvas SVG – Draw graphics in-browser:

<canvas id="myCanvas" width="200" height="100"></canvas>

💡 Why HTML5 Matters:
• Cleaner, more semantic structure
• Native support for multimedia
• Mobile-friendly and faster loading
• Enhanced form validation

🎯 Quick Practice Task:
Build a simple HTML5 page that includes:
• A header
• Navigation bar
• Main article
• Video or image
• Footer with contact info

✅ HTML5 Basics + Real Interview Questions Answers 🌐📋

1️⃣ Q: What is HTML and why is it important?
A: HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the standard markup language used to create the structure of web pages. It organizes content into headings, paragraphs, links, lists, forms, etc.

2️⃣ Q: What’s the difference between <div> and <section>?
A: <div> is a generic container with no semantic meaning. <section> is a semantic tag that groups related content with meaning, useful for SEO and accessibility.

3️⃣ Q: What is the difference between id and class in HTML?
A:
• id is unique for one element
• class can be reused on multiple elements
→ id is used for specific targeting, class for grouping styles.

4️⃣ Q: What are semantic tags? Name a few.
A: Semantic tags clearly describe their purpose. Examples:
<header>, <nav>, <main>, <article>, <aside>, <footer>

5️⃣ Q: What is the difference between <ul>, <ol>, and <dl>?
A:
• <ul> = unordered list (bullets)
• <ol> = ordered list (numbers)
• <dl> = denoscription list (term-definition pairs)

6️⃣ Q: How does a form work in HTML?
A: Forms collect user input using <input>, <textarea>, <select>, etc. Data is sent using the action and method attributes to a server for processing.

7️⃣ Q: What is the purpose of the alt attribute in an image tag?
A: It provides alternative text if the image doesn’t load and improves accessibility for screen readers.

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✅ CSS3 Basics You Should Know 🎨🖥

CSS3 (Cascading Style Sheets – Level 3) controls the look and feel of your HTML pages. Here's what you need to master:

1️⃣ Selectors – Target Elements
Selectors let you apply styles to specific HTML parts:

p { color: blue; }        /* targets all <p> tags */
#noscript { font-size: 24px; } /* targets ID "noscript" */
.card { padding: 10px; }   /* targets class "card" */

2️⃣ Box Model – Understand Layout
Every element is a box with:
• Content → text/image inside
• Padding → space around content
• Border → around the padding
• Margin → space outside border

div {
  padding: 10px;
  border: 1px solid black;
  margin: 20px;
}

3️⃣ Flexbox – Align with Ease
Great for centering or laying out elements:

.container {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;  /* horizontal */
  align-items: center;      /* vertical */
}

4️⃣ Grid – 2D Layout Power
Use when you need rows and columns:

.grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 1fr 2fr;
  gap: 20px;
}

5️⃣ Responsive Design – Mobile Friendly
Media queries adapt to screen size:

@media (max-width: 768px) {
  .card { font-size: 14px; }
}

6️⃣ Styling Forms Buttons
Make UI friendly:

input {
  border: none;
  padding: 8px;
  border-radius: 4px;
}
button {
  background-color: #4CAF50;
  color: white;
  border: none;
  padding: 10px;
}

7️⃣ Transitions Animations
Add smooth effects:

.button {
  transition: background-color 0.3s ease;
}
.button:hover {
  background-color: #333;
}

🛠 Practice Task:
Build a card component using Flexbox:
• Title, image, denoscription, button
• Make it responsive on small screens

---

✅ CSS3 Basics + Real Interview Questions Answers 🧠📋

1️⃣ Q: What is CSS and why is it important?
A: CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) controls the visual presentation of HTML elements—colors, layout, fonts, spacing, and more.

2️⃣ Q: What’s the difference between id and class in CSS?
A:
• #id targets a unique element
• .class targets multiple elements
→ Use id for one-time styles, class for reusable styles.

3️⃣ Q: What is the Box Model in CSS?
A: Every HTML element is a box with:
• content → actual text/image
• padding → space around content
• border → edge around padding
• margin → space outside the border

4️⃣ Q: What are pseudo-classes?
A: Pseudo-classes define a special state of an element. Examples:
:hover, :first-child, :nth-of-type()

5️⃣ Q: What is the difference between relative, absolute, and fixed positioning?
A:
• relative → positioned relative to itself
• absolute → positioned relative to nearest positioned ancestor
• fixed → positioned relative to viewport

6️⃣ Q: What is Flexbox used for?
A: Flexbox is a layout model that arranges items in rows or columns, making responsive design easier.

7️⃣ Q: How do media queries work?
A: Media queries apply styles based on device characteristics like screen width, height, or orientation.

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✅ Web Development Frameworks 🌐💻

Understanding web development frameworks helps you choose the right tool for the job — whether it’s frontend, backend, or full-stack. Here's a breakdown with real-world examples.

1. Frontend Frameworks (User Interface)

These help build interactive web pages users see.

A. React.js (Library by Meta)
• Use when: You need dynamic, component-based UIs.
• Best for: Single Page Applications (SPA), real-time updates
• Example: Facebook, Instagram

function Greet() {
return <h1>Hello, user!</h1>;
}

B. Angular (Google)
• Use when: Building large-scale, enterprise-level apps with TypeScript.
• Best for: Complex SPAs with built-in routing, forms, HTTP
• Example: Gmail, Upwork

C. Vue.js
• Use when: You want a lightweight, flexible alternative to React/Angular
• Best for: Startups, MVPs
• Example: Alibaba, Xiaomi

2. Backend Frameworks (Server-side logic)

Handle database, APIs, user auth, etc.

A. Node.js + Express.js
• Use when: Building REST APIs, real-time apps (e.g. chat)
• Best for: Full-stack JS apps, fast prototyping
• Example: Netflix, LinkedIn backend

app.get("/", (req, res) => {
res.send("Hello world");
});

B. Django (Python)
• Use when: You need security, admin panel, and quick setup
• Best for: Rapid backend development, data-heavy apps
• Example: Instagram, Pinterest

C. Flask (Python)
• Use when: You want more control and a lightweight setup
• Best for: Small APIs, microservices
• Example: Netflix internal tools

D. Laravel (PHP)
• Use when: Building apps with clean syntax, built-in auth, MVC pattern
• Best for: CMS, CRM, e-commerce
• Example: B2B web portals, Laravel Nova

3. Full-stack Frameworks

Combine frontend + backend in one environment.

A. Next.js (React-based)
• Use when: You want SEO-friendly React apps (SSR/SSG)
• Best for: Blogs, e-commerce, dashboards
• Example: TikTok web, Hashnode

B. Nuxt.js (Vue-based)
• Use when: Vue + server-side rendering
• Best for: SEO-heavy Vue apps
• Example: GitLab documentation site

C. Ruby on Rails
• Use when: You want opinionated structure and fast development
• Best for: MVPs, startups
• Example: Shopify, GitHub (early days)

When to Use What?

Goal: Fast UI + real-time app → React.js + Node.js + Express
Goal: SEO-friendly React site → Next.js
Goal: Secure backend with admin → Django
Goal: Lightweight Python API → Flask
Goal: Laravel-style MVC in PHP → Laravel
Goal: Complete Vue.js SSR app → Nuxt.js
Goal: Enterprise SPA → Angular
Goal: Small-to-mid project, fast → Vue.js or Flask

🎯 Takeaway:
Choose based on:
• Team size expertise
• Project size complexity
• Need for speed, security, or SEO
• Preferred language (JS, Python, PHP, etc.)

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4 AI Certifications for Developers 🔥🔥

1. Intro to AI Ethics
https://kaggle.com/learn/intro-to-ai-ethics

2. AI matters
https://open.edu/openlearn/education-development/ai-matters/content-section-overview

3. Elements of AI
https://course.elementsofai.com

4. Ethics of AI
https://ethics-of-ai.mooc.fi

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✅ React.js Essentials ⚛️🔥

React.js is a JavaScript library for building user interfaces, especially single-page apps. Created by Meta, it focuses on components, speed, and interactivity.

1️⃣ What is React?
React lets you build reusable UI components and update the DOM efficiently using a virtual DOM.

Why Use React?
• Reusable components
• Faster performance with virtual DOM
• Great for building SPAs (Single Page Applications)
• Strong community and ecosystem

2️⃣ Key Concepts

📦 Components – Reusable, independent pieces of UI.

function Welcome() {
  return <h1>Hello, React!</h1>;
}

🧠 Props – Pass data to components

function Greet(props) {
  return <h2>Hello, {props.name}!</h2>;
}
<Greet name="Riya" />

💡 State – Store and manage data in a component

import { useState } from 'react';

function Counter() {
  const [count, setCount] = useState(0);
  return (
    <>
      <p>Count: {count}</p>
      <button onClick={() => setCount(count + 1)}>Add</button>
    </>
  );
}

3️⃣ Hooks

useState – Manage local state
useEffect – Run side effects (like API calls, DOM updates)

import { useEffect } from 'react';

useEffect(() => {
  console.log("Component mounted");
}, []);

4️⃣ JSX
JSX lets you write HTML inside JS.

const element = <h1>Hello World</h1>;

5️⃣ Conditional Rendering

{isLoggedIn ? <Dashboard /> : <Login />}

6️⃣ Lists and Keys

const items = ["Apple", "Banana"];
items.map((item, index) => <li key={index}>{item}</li>);

7️⃣ Event Handling

<button onClick={handleClick}>Click Me</button>

8️⃣ Form Handling

<input value={name} onChange={(e) => setName(e.target.value)} />

9️⃣ React Router (Bonus)
To handle multiple pages

npm install react-router-dom

import { BrowserRouter, Route, Routes } from 'react-router-dom';

🛠 Practice Tasks
✅ Build a counter
✅ Make a TODO app using state
✅ Fetch and display API data
✅ Try routing between 2 pages

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✅ Web development Interview Questions with Answers Part-8

71. What is MVC architecture?
MVC separates concerns into three parts:
• Model: Handles data and business logic
• View: Handles UI
• Controller: Handles user input and flow

This separation improves maintainability and testing.

72. What is the difference between monolithic and microservices architecture?
Monolithic architecture is a single deployable unit, simpler to start with, but scales as a whole. Microservices architecture splits functionality into independent services, more complex, but scales independently. Choice depends on team size and complexity.

73. What is an API gateway and why is it used?
An API gateway:
• Sits between clients and services
• Handles routing, auth, rate limiting
• Simplifies client communication
• Centralizes cross-cutting concerns

74. What caching strategies do you use in web applications?
• Client-side caching for static assets
• Server-side caching for frequent queries
• CDN caching for global delivery
Cache invalidation is handled carefully.

75. What is a CDN and how does it help performance?
A CDN:
• Serves content from locations closer to users
• Reduces latency
• Reduces server load
• Improves global performance

76. What is load balancing?
Load balancing:
• Distributes traffic across servers
• Improves availability and fault tolerance
Common methods include round robin and least connections.

77. What is the difference between scalability and performance?
• Performance: Speed for a single request
• Scalability: Handling increased load
A fast system that fails under load is not scalable.

78. What is the difference between horizontal and vertical scaling?
• Vertical scaling: Adds more resources to a server
• Horizontal scaling: Adds more servers
Horizontal scaling is more resilient.

79. What is the difference between WebSockets and HTTP?
• HTTP: Request-response based
• WebSockets: Persistent, two-way communication
Use WebSockets for real-time features like chat.

80. How do you handle file uploads securely?
• Validate file type and size
• Rename files to prevent collisions
• Store files outside the public directory
• Scan files when required

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🔰 Auto fill Pseudo Element in CSS

Default browser highlights in auto-filled fields can clash with a site’s design. By leveraging the :-webkit-autofill pseudo-class, developers can override these styles and ensure consistent branding across modern browsers.

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