29. To deliver a message to the correct application program running on a host, the __ address must be consulted.

30. Ethernet uses a __ physical address that is imprinted on the network interface card (NIC).

31. The _ layer is the layer closest to the transmission medium.

32. The OSI model consists of _ layers.

33. The _ address, also known as the link address, is the address of a node as defined by its LAN or WAN.

34. Layer 2 lies between the physical layer and the _ layer.

35. Why was the OSI model developed?

36. In the OSI model, as a data packet moves from the lower to the upper layers, headers are __.

37. In the OSI model, when data is transmitted from device A to device B, the header from A’s layer 5 is read by B’s __ layer.

38. The seven-layer __ model provides guidelines for the development of universally compatible networking protocols.

39. The Internet model consists of __ layers.

40. In the OSI model, what is the main function of the transport layer?

41. __ is a process-to-process protocol that adds only port addresses, checksum error control, and length information to the data from the upper layer.

42. The __ layer establishes, maintains, and synchronizes the interactions between communicating devices.

43. A port address in TCP/IP is __ bits long.

44. In the OSI model, encryption and decryption are functions of the __ layer.

45. TCP/IP is a __ hierarchical protocol suite developed __ the OSI model.

46. The __ address, also known as the link address, is the address of a node as defined by its LAN or WAN.

47. The __ model shows how the network functions of a computer ought to be organized.

48. The __ layer ensures interoperability between communicating devices through transformation of data into a mutually agreed upon format.