How old are the first wildfires on Earth?
🔥Scientists have found traces of the oldest forest fires thanks to deposits of ancient charcoal from Wales🏴 and Poland🇵🇱.
🔥🔥They estimate that the first wildfires on our planet date back to 430 million years ago, in the mid-Silurian of the Paleozoic era.
🔥🔥🔥According to researchers, these fires could burn down very short vegetation as well as rare knee-high or waist-high plants that grew in the regions with enough humidity.
🤓Amazing fact is that the Silurian period landscape was dominated not by plants, but by ancient fungal prototaxites. Not much is known about the fungus, but it is believed that it could grow up to nine meters (almost 30 feet) in height.
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🔥Scientists have found traces of the oldest forest fires thanks to deposits of ancient charcoal from Wales🏴 and Poland🇵🇱.
🔥🔥They estimate that the first wildfires on our planet date back to 430 million years ago, in the mid-Silurian of the Paleozoic era.
🔥🔥🔥According to researchers, these fires could burn down very short vegetation as well as rare knee-high or waist-high plants that grew in the regions with enough humidity.
🤓Amazing fact is that the Silurian period landscape was dominated not by plants, but by ancient fungal prototaxites. Not much is known about the fungus, but it is believed that it could grow up to nine meters (almost 30 feet) in height.
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What are active and passive vocabularies?
📖🖋Active vocabulary is made up of terms already in use and understood by an individual in speech and writing. These are used on a regular basis and are fundamental to a person's address. A person can use them with no noticeable effort. The active vocabulary words in an adult is estimated as 20,000 words.
📚🔏Passive vocabulary refers to terms that learners understand but are not able to use. They are words stored in the verbal memory and are partially understood, but not well enough for active use. Passive vocabulary is usually more than the active one and is estimated to be 40,000 words for an adult.
🔤It is also proven that the first 25 words are used in 33% of everyday writing, first 100 words in 50% of adult and student writing and the first 1,000 words in 89% of daily writing and speaking.
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📖🖋Active vocabulary is made up of terms already in use and understood by an individual in speech and writing. These are used on a regular basis and are fundamental to a person's address. A person can use them with no noticeable effort. The active vocabulary words in an adult is estimated as 20,000 words.
📚🔏Passive vocabulary refers to terms that learners understand but are not able to use. They are words stored in the verbal memory and are partially understood, but not well enough for active use. Passive vocabulary is usually more than the active one and is estimated to be 40,000 words for an adult.
🔤It is also proven that the first 25 words are used in 33% of everyday writing, first 100 words in 50% of adult and student writing and the first 1,000 words in 89% of daily writing and speaking.
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How many words are necessary to understand common texts in English?
ℹ️It makes no doubt that having a vocabulary of 40,000 words is not necessary for communicating.
ℹ️ℹ️According to experts, 3️⃣0️⃣0️⃣0️⃣words provides coverage for around 9️⃣5️⃣% of common texts (such as news items, blogs, etc.).
ℹ️ℹ️ℹ️That’s still just 7.5% of the average passive vocabulary of a native speaker: 3,000 vs. 40,000 words in the passive vocabulary of an English-speaking adult.
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ℹ️It makes no doubt that having a vocabulary of 40,000 words is not necessary for communicating.
ℹ️ℹ️According to experts, 3️⃣0️⃣0️⃣0️⃣words provides coverage for around 9️⃣5️⃣% of common texts (such as news items, blogs, etc.).
ℹ️ℹ️ℹ️That’s still just 7.5% of the average passive vocabulary of a native speaker: 3,000 vs. 40,000 words in the passive vocabulary of an English-speaking adult.
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Who can be named the English vocabulary guru?
Despite the continuing expansion of the English language, the person who is considered the lord of the English vocabulary lived five centuries ago.
It is the English playwright, poet and actor William Shakespeare.
According to linguists, he had an active vocabulary of 25,000 words and 35,000 passive words.
Compared to today, Shakespeare is the English vocabulary guru of all time.
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Despite the continuing expansion of the English language, the person who is considered the lord of the English vocabulary lived five centuries ago.
It is the English playwright, poet and actor William Shakespeare.
According to linguists, he had an active vocabulary of 25,000 words and 35,000 passive words.
Compared to today, Shakespeare is the English vocabulary guru of all time.
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How many words in modern English?
🔘 The last updated Third edition of the Oxford English Dictionary informs that it counts 6️⃣0️⃣0️⃣0️⃣0️⃣0️⃣ words.‼️
🔘 It is updated on a quarterly basis, and the material added to the dictionary includes revised versions of existing entries (which replace the older versions), and 🆕 words and entries.
🔘 In the latest update as of June, 2022, nearly 700 new words, senses, and sub-entries, have been added to the Oxford English Dictionary, including ankle-biter, sharenting, and Mozart and Liszt.
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🔘 The last updated Third edition of the Oxford English Dictionary informs that it counts 6️⃣0️⃣0️⃣0️⃣0️⃣0️⃣ words.‼️
🔘 It is updated on a quarterly basis, and the material added to the dictionary includes revised versions of existing entries (which replace the older versions), and 🆕 words and entries.
🔘 In the latest update as of June, 2022, nearly 700 new words, senses, and sub-entries, have been added to the Oxford English Dictionary, including ankle-biter, sharenting, and Mozart and Liszt.
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Two beers or not two beers?
The answer to this joke ❓inspired by one of the most famous quotes from Shakespeare is seriously given by scientists from NOVA University of Lisbon, and it is: one🍺 a day!
❗️In their recent study researchers conclude that having a bottle of beer each night with dinner may actually improve gut health!
📌They explain that beer contains compounds like polyphenols, and other microorganisms that occur during fermentation. It’s believed they help influence gut health and lead to a more diverse microbiome.
📌For those who don’t drink, there’s still good news: even non-alcoholic 🍺 appears to have the same benefits, as these positive effects of beer are independent of alcohol and may be mediated by beer polyphenols.
ℹ️Having a healthy gut microbiome is key for overall health. The trillions of microbes help fight off a host of life-threatening conditions. Keeping the right balance reduces the risk of obesity, diabetes, heart problems, cancer and dementia.
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The answer to this joke ❓inspired by one of the most famous quotes from Shakespeare is seriously given by scientists from NOVA University of Lisbon, and it is: one🍺 a day!
❗️In their recent study researchers conclude that having a bottle of beer each night with dinner may actually improve gut health!
📌They explain that beer contains compounds like polyphenols, and other microorganisms that occur during fermentation. It’s believed they help influence gut health and lead to a more diverse microbiome.
📌For those who don’t drink, there’s still good news: even non-alcoholic 🍺 appears to have the same benefits, as these positive effects of beer are independent of alcohol and may be mediated by beer polyphenols.
ℹ️Having a healthy gut microbiome is key for overall health. The trillions of microbes help fight off a host of life-threatening conditions. Keeping the right balance reduces the risk of obesity, diabetes, heart problems, cancer and dementia.
Subscribe- t.me/askmenow
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What were the first beer brewings?
The first beer in the world (known as kui) was brewed by the ancient Chinese around the year 7000 BC.
However, the process now recognized as beer brewing began, according to confirmed evidence, in Mesopotamia at the Godin Tepe settlement (modern-day Iran) between 3500-3100 BC.
It is also probable that the brewing of beer in Sumer (southern Mesopotamia, modern-day Iraq) was in practice much earlier.
Later enjoyed in ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome, beer as it is recognized in the modern day was developed in Europe.
The Germans were brewing beer (which they called ol, for ale) as early as 800 BC as is known from beer jugs, still containing traces of beer, e.g. in a tomb in northern Bavaria, near Kulmbach.
While some scholars contend that beer was discovered accidentally through grains used for bread-making which fermented, others claim that it preceded bread as a staple and was developed intentionally as an intoxicant.
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The first beer in the world (known as kui) was brewed by the ancient Chinese around the year 7000 BC.
However, the process now recognized as beer brewing began, according to confirmed evidence, in Mesopotamia at the Godin Tepe settlement (modern-day Iran) between 3500-3100 BC.
It is also probable that the brewing of beer in Sumer (southern Mesopotamia, modern-day Iraq) was in practice much earlier.
Later enjoyed in ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome, beer as it is recognized in the modern day was developed in Europe.
The Germans were brewing beer (which they called ol, for ale) as early as 800 BC as is known from beer jugs, still containing traces of beer, e.g. in a tomb in northern Bavaria, near Kulmbach.
While some scholars contend that beer was discovered accidentally through grains used for bread-making which fermented, others claim that it preceded bread as a staple and was developed intentionally as an intoxicant.
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What are some other interesting facts about beer?
🍺Nowadays, beer is the most popular alcoholic beverage worldwide.
🍺The English word `beer' takes its name from the Latin `bibere' meaning `to drink'.
🍺The Spanish word for beer, ‘cerveza' comes from the Latin word `cerevisia' for `of beer', giving some indication of the long span human beings have been enjoying the drink.
🍺The Slavic word ‘pivo’ for ‘beer’ comes from the old Slavic verb ‘piti’ also meaning ‘to drink’ and originally meant ‘any drink’.
🍺In ancient times, beer was highly appreciated in Mesopotamia and Egypt where the beverage was even prescribed for medical purposes, but the Greeks and Romans considered beer a low-class drink of barbarians, favoring wine.
🍺According to some evidences, Queen Cleopatra VII (c.69-30 BCE) lost popularity toward the end of her reign more for implementing a tax on beer (the first ever) than for her wars with Rome, which the beer tax went to help pay for.
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🍺Nowadays, beer is the most popular alcoholic beverage worldwide.
🍺The English word `beer' takes its name from the Latin `bibere' meaning `to drink'.
🍺The Spanish word for beer, ‘cerveza' comes from the Latin word `cerevisia' for `of beer', giving some indication of the long span human beings have been enjoying the drink.
🍺The Slavic word ‘pivo’ for ‘beer’ comes from the old Slavic verb ‘piti’ also meaning ‘to drink’ and originally meant ‘any drink’.
🍺In ancient times, beer was highly appreciated in Mesopotamia and Egypt where the beverage was even prescribed for medical purposes, but the Greeks and Romans considered beer a low-class drink of barbarians, favoring wine.
🍺According to some evidences, Queen Cleopatra VII (c.69-30 BCE) lost popularity toward the end of her reign more for implementing a tax on beer (the first ever) than for her wars with Rome, which the beer tax went to help pay for.
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What is the link between coffee and shopping?
According to a recent study, having a ☕️ before shopping may cause you to spend more money 💸!
Researchers set up a pop-up café at the entrances of stores in France and Spain. They offered shoppers coffee, decaf, or water. Half of the shoppers ordered a coffee that contained about 100 mg of caffeine while the others went for the safe option of decaf or water. After leaving the store shoppers shared their receipts with the researchers.
🔹Shoppers who opted for caffeine ended up spending 50% more and bought an extra 30% more items than those who chose decaf options.
🔹Coffee drinkers also spent more money on non-essentials like candles and perfumes. While non-caffeinated shoppers stuck to the items they had their sights set on when they entered the store.
Scientists explain that being a powerful stimulant and leading to a higher energetic state, caffeine enhances impulsivity and decreases self-control.
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According to a recent study, having a ☕️ before shopping may cause you to spend more money 💸!
Researchers set up a pop-up café at the entrances of stores in France and Spain. They offered shoppers coffee, decaf, or water. Half of the shoppers ordered a coffee that contained about 100 mg of caffeine while the others went for the safe option of decaf or water. After leaving the store shoppers shared their receipts with the researchers.
🔹Shoppers who opted for caffeine ended up spending 50% more and bought an extra 30% more items than those who chose decaf options.
🔹Coffee drinkers also spent more money on non-essentials like candles and perfumes. While non-caffeinated shoppers stuck to the items they had their sights set on when they entered the store.
Scientists explain that being a powerful stimulant and leading to a higher energetic state, caffeine enhances impulsivity and decreases self-control.
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What is a galaxy and what kinds of galaxies are there?
🔭 Galaxies are vast cosmic islands of stars, gas, dust, and dark matter held together by gravity.
🔭 Astronomers classify galaxies into three major categories: elliptical, spiral and irregular.
🔭 These galaxies span a wide range of sizes, from dwarf galaxies containing as few as 100 million stars to giant galaxies with more than a trillion stars.
🔭 Aside from these three classic categories, astronomers have also identified many unusually shaped galaxies that seem to be in a transitory phase of galactic development.
🔭 Researchers also divide galaxies into normal and active.
In a normal galaxy (like our Milky Way):
🔘 most light comes from stars
🔘 intensity of the light peaks at visible wavelengths
🔘 light is distributed throughout the galaxy
In an active galaxy:
🔘 most light comes from gas
🔘 intensity of the light peaks at radio wavelengths
🔘 the nucleus is highly luminous
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🔭 Galaxies are vast cosmic islands of stars, gas, dust, and dark matter held together by gravity.
🔭 Astronomers classify galaxies into three major categories: elliptical, spiral and irregular.
🔭 These galaxies span a wide range of sizes, from dwarf galaxies containing as few as 100 million stars to giant galaxies with more than a trillion stars.
🔭 Aside from these three classic categories, astronomers have also identified many unusually shaped galaxies that seem to be in a transitory phase of galactic development.
🔭 Researchers also divide galaxies into normal and active.
In a normal galaxy (like our Milky Way):
🔘 most light comes from stars
🔘 intensity of the light peaks at visible wavelengths
🔘 light is distributed throughout the galaxy
In an active galaxy:
🔘 most light comes from gas
🔘 intensity of the light peaks at radio wavelengths
🔘 the nucleus is highly luminous
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What are the main features of elliptical galaxies?
✔️Ellipticals, which account for about one-third of all galaxies, vary from nearly circular to very elongated.
✔️They possess comparatively little gas and dust, contain older stars and are not actively forming stars anymore.
✔️The largest and rarest of these, called giant ellipticals, are about 300,000 light-years across. Astronomers theorize that these are formed by the mergers of smaller galaxies.
✔️Much more common are dwarf ellipticals, which are only a few thousand light-years wide.
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✔️Ellipticals, which account for about one-third of all galaxies, vary from nearly circular to very elongated.
✔️They possess comparatively little gas and dust, contain older stars and are not actively forming stars anymore.
✔️The largest and rarest of these, called giant ellipticals, are about 300,000 light-years across. Astronomers theorize that these are formed by the mergers of smaller galaxies.
✔️Much more common are dwarf ellipticals, which are only a few thousand light-years wide.
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How astronomers describe spiral galaxies?
🌀Spiral galaxies appear as flat, blue-white disks of stars, gas and dust with yellowish bulges in their centers.
🌀These galaxies are divided into two groups: normal spirals and barred spirals.
🌀In barred spirals, the bar of stars runs through the central bulge.
🌀The arms of barred spirals usually start at the end of the bar instead of from the bulge.
🌀Spirals are actively forming stars and comprise a large fraction of all the galaxies in the local universe.
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🌀Spiral galaxies appear as flat, blue-white disks of stars, gas and dust with yellowish bulges in their centers.
🌀These galaxies are divided into two groups: normal spirals and barred spirals.
🌀In barred spirals, the bar of stars runs through the central bulge.
🌀The arms of barred spirals usually start at the end of the bar instead of from the bulge.
🌀Spirals are actively forming stars and comprise a large fraction of all the galaxies in the local universe.
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What do we know about irregular galaxies?
▫️Irregular galaxies, which have very little dust, are neither disk-like nor elliptical.
▫️Astronomers often see irregular galaxies as they peer deeply into the universe, which is equivalent to looking back in time.
▫️These galaxies are abundant in the early universe, before spirals and ellipticals developed.
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▫️Irregular galaxies, which have very little dust, are neither disk-like nor elliptical.
▫️Astronomers often see irregular galaxies as they peer deeply into the universe, which is equivalent to looking back in time.
▫️These galaxies are abundant in the early universe, before spirals and ellipticals developed.
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How does a galaxy pair look like?
This breathtaking Hubble image shows IC 4271, a pair of superimposed spiral galaxies.
IC 4271, also known as Arp 40, LEDA 47334 and IRAS 13271+3740, is located approximately 800 million light-years away in the constellation of Canes Venatici.
The smaller galaxy in IC 4271 is superimposed on the larger one, which is a type of active galaxy called a Seyfert galaxy.
ℹ️ Seyfert galaxies are named for astronomer Carl K. Seyfert who, in 1943, published a paper about spiral galaxies with very bright emission lines.
Today astronomers know that about 10% of all galaxies may be Seyfert galaxies. They belong to the class of active galaxies — galaxies that have supermassive black holes at their centers accreting material, which releases vast amounts of radiation.
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This breathtaking Hubble image shows IC 4271, a pair of superimposed spiral galaxies.
IC 4271, also known as Arp 40, LEDA 47334 and IRAS 13271+3740, is located approximately 800 million light-years away in the constellation of Canes Venatici.
The smaller galaxy in IC 4271 is superimposed on the larger one, which is a type of active galaxy called a Seyfert galaxy.
ℹ️ Seyfert galaxies are named for astronomer Carl K. Seyfert who, in 1943, published a paper about spiral galaxies with very bright emission lines.
Today astronomers know that about 10% of all galaxies may be Seyfert galaxies. They belong to the class of active galaxies — galaxies that have supermassive black holes at their centers accreting material, which releases vast amounts of radiation.
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How do galaxies interact?
While the distances between galaxies seem large, so too are galaxies’ diameters.
Compared to stars, galaxies are relatively close to one another. They interact and even collide.
When galaxies collide, they pass through each other; their stars don’t crash into each other because of the immense distances between them.
However, gravitational interactions between colliding galaxies could create new waves of star formation, supernovas and even black holes.
Collisions do distort a galaxy’s shape and computer models show that collisions between spiral galaxies can eventually make ellipticals.
Here is a stunning visualization of a pair of colliding spiral galaxies. This galactic get-together show NGC 2207 and IC 2163, located about 130 million light years from Earth, in the constellation of Canis Major, that astronomers have been observing during several last decades.
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While the distances between galaxies seem large, so too are galaxies’ diameters.
Compared to stars, galaxies are relatively close to one another. They interact and even collide.
When galaxies collide, they pass through each other; their stars don’t crash into each other because of the immense distances between them.
However, gravitational interactions between colliding galaxies could create new waves of star formation, supernovas and even black holes.
Collisions do distort a galaxy’s shape and computer models show that collisions between spiral galaxies can eventually make ellipticals.
Here is a stunning visualization of a pair of colliding spiral galaxies. This galactic get-together show NGC 2207 and IC 2163, located about 130 million light years from Earth, in the constellation of Canis Major, that astronomers have been observing during several last decades.
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What animals are helping paleontologists to discover new ancient species?
The answer to this question is ants 🐜!
In North America, paleontologists have just discovered 10 new species of ancient mammals thanks to the tiny mound-building insects.
The scientific success involves natural activities of harvester ants ⬆️ who gather seeds and live in large sediment mounds ⬆️.
Constructing their mounds, 🐜 act as the world’s smallest fossil collectors.
Examining 19 harvester ant mounds, researchers recently found more than 6,000 microfossils ⬆️ – each no more than a few millimeters wide – from ancient mammals.
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The answer to this question is ants 🐜!
In North America, paleontologists have just discovered 10 new species of ancient mammals thanks to the tiny mound-building insects.
The scientific success involves natural activities of harvester ants ⬆️ who gather seeds and live in large sediment mounds ⬆️.
Constructing their mounds, 🐜 act as the world’s smallest fossil collectors.
Examining 19 harvester ant mounds, researchers recently found more than 6,000 microfossils ⬆️ – each no more than a few millimeters wide – from ancient mammals.
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