What is a galaxy and what kinds of galaxies are there?
🔭 Galaxies are vast cosmic islands of stars, gas, dust, and dark matter held together by gravity.
🔭 Astronomers classify galaxies into three major categories: elliptical, spiral and irregular.
🔭 These galaxies span a wide range of sizes, from dwarf galaxies containing as few as 100 million stars to giant galaxies with more than a trillion stars.
🔭 Aside from these three classic categories, astronomers have also identified many unusually shaped galaxies that seem to be in a transitory phase of galactic development.
🔭 Researchers also divide galaxies into normal and active.
In a normal galaxy (like our Milky Way):
🔘 most light comes from stars
🔘 intensity of the light peaks at visible wavelengths
🔘 light is distributed throughout the galaxy
In an active galaxy:
🔘 most light comes from gas
🔘 intensity of the light peaks at radio wavelengths
🔘 the nucleus is highly luminous
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🔭 Galaxies are vast cosmic islands of stars, gas, dust, and dark matter held together by gravity.
🔭 Astronomers classify galaxies into three major categories: elliptical, spiral and irregular.
🔭 These galaxies span a wide range of sizes, from dwarf galaxies containing as few as 100 million stars to giant galaxies with more than a trillion stars.
🔭 Aside from these three classic categories, astronomers have also identified many unusually shaped galaxies that seem to be in a transitory phase of galactic development.
🔭 Researchers also divide galaxies into normal and active.
In a normal galaxy (like our Milky Way):
🔘 most light comes from stars
🔘 intensity of the light peaks at visible wavelengths
🔘 light is distributed throughout the galaxy
In an active galaxy:
🔘 most light comes from gas
🔘 intensity of the light peaks at radio wavelengths
🔘 the nucleus is highly luminous
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What are the main features of elliptical galaxies?
✔️Ellipticals, which account for about one-third of all galaxies, vary from nearly circular to very elongated.
✔️They possess comparatively little gas and dust, contain older stars and are not actively forming stars anymore.
✔️The largest and rarest of these, called giant ellipticals, are about 300,000 light-years across. Astronomers theorize that these are formed by the mergers of smaller galaxies.
✔️Much more common are dwarf ellipticals, which are only a few thousand light-years wide.
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✔️Ellipticals, which account for about one-third of all galaxies, vary from nearly circular to very elongated.
✔️They possess comparatively little gas and dust, contain older stars and are not actively forming stars anymore.
✔️The largest and rarest of these, called giant ellipticals, are about 300,000 light-years across. Astronomers theorize that these are formed by the mergers of smaller galaxies.
✔️Much more common are dwarf ellipticals, which are only a few thousand light-years wide.
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How astronomers describe spiral galaxies?
🌀Spiral galaxies appear as flat, blue-white disks of stars, gas and dust with yellowish bulges in their centers.
🌀These galaxies are divided into two groups: normal spirals and barred spirals.
🌀In barred spirals, the bar of stars runs through the central bulge.
🌀The arms of barred spirals usually start at the end of the bar instead of from the bulge.
🌀Spirals are actively forming stars and comprise a large fraction of all the galaxies in the local universe.
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🌀Spiral galaxies appear as flat, blue-white disks of stars, gas and dust with yellowish bulges in their centers.
🌀These galaxies are divided into two groups: normal spirals and barred spirals.
🌀In barred spirals, the bar of stars runs through the central bulge.
🌀The arms of barred spirals usually start at the end of the bar instead of from the bulge.
🌀Spirals are actively forming stars and comprise a large fraction of all the galaxies in the local universe.
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What do we know about irregular galaxies?
▫️Irregular galaxies, which have very little dust, are neither disk-like nor elliptical.
▫️Astronomers often see irregular galaxies as they peer deeply into the universe, which is equivalent to looking back in time.
▫️These galaxies are abundant in the early universe, before spirals and ellipticals developed.
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▫️Irregular galaxies, which have very little dust, are neither disk-like nor elliptical.
▫️Astronomers often see irregular galaxies as they peer deeply into the universe, which is equivalent to looking back in time.
▫️These galaxies are abundant in the early universe, before spirals and ellipticals developed.
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How does a galaxy pair look like?
This breathtaking Hubble image shows IC 4271, a pair of superimposed spiral galaxies.
IC 4271, also known as Arp 40, LEDA 47334 and IRAS 13271+3740, is located approximately 800 million light-years away in the constellation of Canes Venatici.
The smaller galaxy in IC 4271 is superimposed on the larger one, which is a type of active galaxy called a Seyfert galaxy.
ℹ️ Seyfert galaxies are named for astronomer Carl K. Seyfert who, in 1943, published a paper about spiral galaxies with very bright emission lines.
Today astronomers know that about 10% of all galaxies may be Seyfert galaxies. They belong to the class of active galaxies — galaxies that have supermassive black holes at their centers accreting material, which releases vast amounts of radiation.
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This breathtaking Hubble image shows IC 4271, a pair of superimposed spiral galaxies.
IC 4271, also known as Arp 40, LEDA 47334 and IRAS 13271+3740, is located approximately 800 million light-years away in the constellation of Canes Venatici.
The smaller galaxy in IC 4271 is superimposed on the larger one, which is a type of active galaxy called a Seyfert galaxy.
ℹ️ Seyfert galaxies are named for astronomer Carl K. Seyfert who, in 1943, published a paper about spiral galaxies with very bright emission lines.
Today astronomers know that about 10% of all galaxies may be Seyfert galaxies. They belong to the class of active galaxies — galaxies that have supermassive black holes at their centers accreting material, which releases vast amounts of radiation.
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How do galaxies interact?
While the distances between galaxies seem large, so too are galaxies’ diameters.
Compared to stars, galaxies are relatively close to one another. They interact and even collide.
When galaxies collide, they pass through each other; their stars don’t crash into each other because of the immense distances between them.
However, gravitational interactions between colliding galaxies could create new waves of star formation, supernovas and even black holes.
Collisions do distort a galaxy’s shape and computer models show that collisions between spiral galaxies can eventually make ellipticals.
Here is a stunning visualization of a pair of colliding spiral galaxies. This galactic get-together show NGC 2207 and IC 2163, located about 130 million light years from Earth, in the constellation of Canis Major, that astronomers have been observing during several last decades.
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While the distances between galaxies seem large, so too are galaxies’ diameters.
Compared to stars, galaxies are relatively close to one another. They interact and even collide.
When galaxies collide, they pass through each other; their stars don’t crash into each other because of the immense distances between them.
However, gravitational interactions between colliding galaxies could create new waves of star formation, supernovas and even black holes.
Collisions do distort a galaxy’s shape and computer models show that collisions between spiral galaxies can eventually make ellipticals.
Here is a stunning visualization of a pair of colliding spiral galaxies. This galactic get-together show NGC 2207 and IC 2163, located about 130 million light years from Earth, in the constellation of Canis Major, that astronomers have been observing during several last decades.
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What animals are helping paleontologists to discover new ancient species?
The answer to this question is ants 🐜!
In North America, paleontologists have just discovered 10 new species of ancient mammals thanks to the tiny mound-building insects.
The scientific success involves natural activities of harvester ants ⬆️ who gather seeds and live in large sediment mounds ⬆️.
Constructing their mounds, 🐜 act as the world’s smallest fossil collectors.
Examining 19 harvester ant mounds, researchers recently found more than 6,000 microfossils ⬆️ – each no more than a few millimeters wide – from ancient mammals.
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The answer to this question is ants 🐜!
In North America, paleontologists have just discovered 10 new species of ancient mammals thanks to the tiny mound-building insects.
The scientific success involves natural activities of harvester ants ⬆️ who gather seeds and live in large sediment mounds ⬆️.
Constructing their mounds, 🐜 act as the world’s smallest fossil collectors.
Examining 19 harvester ant mounds, researchers recently found more than 6,000 microfossils ⬆️ – each no more than a few millimeters wide – from ancient mammals.
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What are 5 amazing facts about ants?
1️⃣ There are over 12,000 ant species worldwide that can be found on every single continent except Antarctica.
Ranging from the ant you might find near your house to the ants building underground fortresses in the rainforest, to flying ants!
2️⃣ The bullet ant is said to have the most painful sting in the world!
Living in humid jungle conditions, their sting has been compared to being hit by a bullet!
3️⃣ Ants are the longest living insects.
Unlike some bugs who might only live for days or even hours, the queen ant of one particular species – the Pogonomyrmex Owyheei – can live up to 30 years!
4️⃣ The ant is one of the world’s strongest creatures in relation to its size
A single ant can carry 50 times its own bodyweight!
5️⃣ Ants hold the record for the fastest movement in the animal kingdom
The aptly named species of trap jaw ant, can close its jaws at 225 km/h (140mph), which it uses to kill its prey or injure predators.
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1️⃣ There are over 12,000 ant species worldwide that can be found on every single continent except Antarctica.
Ranging from the ant you might find near your house to the ants building underground fortresses in the rainforest, to flying ants!
2️⃣ The bullet ant is said to have the most painful sting in the world!
Living in humid jungle conditions, their sting has been compared to being hit by a bullet!
3️⃣ Ants are the longest living insects.
Unlike some bugs who might only live for days or even hours, the queen ant of one particular species – the Pogonomyrmex Owyheei – can live up to 30 years!
4️⃣ The ant is one of the world’s strongest creatures in relation to its size
A single ant can carry 50 times its own bodyweight!
5️⃣ Ants hold the record for the fastest movement in the animal kingdom
The aptly named species of trap jaw ant, can close its jaws at 225 km/h (140mph), which it uses to kill its prey or injure predators.
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What is a formicary?
A formicary is another word for an ant colony.
The formicary, is made up of one or more egg-laying queens and a large amount of female “worker” ants who tend to her, build and maintain the nest, forage for food and care for the young.
Male ants have wings and their only function is to mate with the queen.
❗️The largest ant’s nest ever found was over 3,700 miles wide! Found in Argentina in 2000, the ginormous colony housed 33 ant populations which had merged into one giant supercolony, with millions of nests and billions of workers!
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A formicary is another word for an ant colony.
The formicary, is made up of one or more egg-laying queens and a large amount of female “worker” ants who tend to her, build and maintain the nest, forage for food and care for the young.
Male ants have wings and their only function is to mate with the queen.
❗️The largest ant’s nest ever found was over 3,700 miles wide! Found in Argentina in 2000, the ginormous colony housed 33 ant populations which had merged into one giant supercolony, with millions of nests and billions of workers!
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How do ants communicate?
It is known that 🐜 don’t have ears, and some of them even don’t have eyes.
▪️Ants “listen” by feeling vibrations from the ground through their feet, and eye-less ants such as the driver ant species can communicate by using their antennae.
▪️They can also send chemical signals (called pheromones) released through their body to send messages to other ants.
▪️They send out warnings when danger’s near, leave trails of pheromones leading to food sources and even use them to attract a mate – a sort of ant love potion.
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It is known that 🐜 don’t have ears, and some of them even don’t have eyes.
▪️Ants “listen” by feeling vibrations from the ground through their feet, and eye-less ants such as the driver ant species can communicate by using their antennae.
▪️They can also send chemical signals (called pheromones) released through their body to send messages to other ants.
▪️They send out warnings when danger’s near, leave trails of pheromones leading to food sources and even use them to attract a mate – a sort of ant love potion.
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Which ant species is the most “expensive” for humans?
Red imported fire ants hold the noscript of the most “expensive” ants for the human society.🐜💸
Originally native to South America and accidentally introduced in Northern America, Australia, New Zealand, several Asian and Caribbean countries, this species has a painful bite which causes a burning sensation – hence the name “fire ant” 🔥🐜.
They’ve also been known to cause damage to farmer’s crops.
So contacts with red imported fire ants result in millions in veterinary and medical bills, causing annually over 3 billion 💲 worth of economic damage!💰💰💰
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Red imported fire ants hold the noscript of the most “expensive” ants for the human society.🐜💸
Originally native to South America and accidentally introduced in Northern America, Australia, New Zealand, several Asian and Caribbean countries, this species has a painful bite which causes a burning sensation – hence the name “fire ant” 🔥🐜.
They’ve also been known to cause damage to farmer’s crops.
So contacts with red imported fire ants result in millions in veterinary and medical bills, causing annually over 3 billion 💲 worth of economic damage!💰💰💰
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What is mathematics?
Mathematics is the science of numbers and their operations, interrelations, combinations, generalizations, abstractions, and of space configurations and their structure, measurement, transformations, and generalizations.
Mathematics is a formal science in which we often use letters, symbols, and signs.
It is derived from the Greek mathema, which can be translated as “study of a subject”.
With the immense & rapid progress in science, there is a variety of branches and sub-branches found in mathematics.
📌However, there are 1️⃣7️⃣ major branches/divisions, which are given below:
1️⃣ Geometry
2️⃣ Algebra
3️⃣ Arithmetic
4️⃣ Trigonometry
5️⃣ Infinitesimal calculus
6️⃣ Mathematical analysis
7️⃣ Mathematical logic
8️⃣ Game theory
9️⃣ Discrete mathematics
1️⃣0️⃣ Graph theory
1️⃣1️⃣ Number theory
1️⃣2️⃣ Topology
1️⃣3️⃣ Pure mathematics
1️⃣4️⃣ Applied mathematics
1️⃣5️⃣ Combinatorics
1️⃣6️⃣ Experimental mathematics
1️⃣7️⃣ Order theory or Set theory
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Mathematics is the science of numbers and their operations, interrelations, combinations, generalizations, abstractions, and of space configurations and their structure, measurement, transformations, and generalizations.
Mathematics is a formal science in which we often use letters, symbols, and signs.
It is derived from the Greek mathema, which can be translated as “study of a subject”.
With the immense & rapid progress in science, there is a variety of branches and sub-branches found in mathematics.
📌However, there are 1️⃣7️⃣ major branches/divisions, which are given below:
1️⃣ Geometry
2️⃣ Algebra
3️⃣ Arithmetic
4️⃣ Trigonometry
5️⃣ Infinitesimal calculus
6️⃣ Mathematical analysis
7️⃣ Mathematical logic
8️⃣ Game theory
9️⃣ Discrete mathematics
1️⃣0️⃣ Graph theory
1️⃣1️⃣ Number theory
1️⃣2️⃣ Topology
1️⃣3️⃣ Pure mathematics
1️⃣4️⃣ Applied mathematics
1️⃣5️⃣ Combinatorics
1️⃣6️⃣ Experimental mathematics
1️⃣7️⃣ Order theory or Set theory
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What is geometry?
📍Geometry is one of the most important branches of mathematics that deals with the study of figures in space and their links in different dimensions, generally two or three. It also studies relationships between points, lines, and other figures.
📍 Geometry can be divided into two further branches such as trigonometry and denoscriptive geometry. It helps to solve the triangles and complex numbers. We often discuss many other things in trigonometry like vectors, planes, and lines, etc.
📍The word 'Geometry' is derived from an ancient Greek word 'geometron'. The word 'geo' means 'Earth' and 'metron' means 'measurement'.
📍The study of geometry is extremely ancient and has been going on for many thousands of years, across all civilizations – Egypt, Babylonia, India, China, Greece, the Incas, etc.
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📍Geometry is one of the most important branches of mathematics that deals with the study of figures in space and their links in different dimensions, generally two or three. It also studies relationships between points, lines, and other figures.
📍 Geometry can be divided into two further branches such as trigonometry and denoscriptive geometry. It helps to solve the triangles and complex numbers. We often discuss many other things in trigonometry like vectors, planes, and lines, etc.
📍The word 'Geometry' is derived from an ancient Greek word 'geometron'. The word 'geo' means 'Earth' and 'metron' means 'measurement'.
📍The study of geometry is extremely ancient and has been going on for many thousands of years, across all civilizations – Egypt, Babylonia, India, China, Greece, the Incas, etc.
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What is arithmetics?
📍Another basic branch of mathematics is arithmetics, from which other sub-branches spread out.
📍The word arithmetics ultimately derives from the Greek noun arithmos, meaning "number," with stops along the way in Latin, Anglo-French, and Middle English.
📍Arithmetics is dealing with the theory of numerical calculations and focuses on understanding and study of numbers and their different operations.
❗️The 4️⃣ primary arithmetical operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division ➕➖➗✖️
📍Fractions, decimals, percentages, fractions, square root, exponents, and other arithmetic operations are used to achieve mathematical simplifications.
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📍Another basic branch of mathematics is arithmetics, from which other sub-branches spread out.
📍The word arithmetics ultimately derives from the Greek noun arithmos, meaning "number," with stops along the way in Latin, Anglo-French, and Middle English.
📍Arithmetics is dealing with the theory of numerical calculations and focuses on understanding and study of numbers and their different operations.
❗️The 4️⃣ primary arithmetical operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division ➕➖➗✖️
📍Fractions, decimals, percentages, fractions, square root, exponents, and other arithmetic operations are used to achieve mathematical simplifications.
Subscribe- t.me/askmenow
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