Which force illuminates our houses?
The answer to this question is electromagnetic force or electromagnetism.
It includes both electricity and magnetism, which are intertwined — a moving electric field produces a magnetic field, and vice versa.
Light carries this force, which illuminates our houses at night, keeps electrons in orbit around atomic nuclei, and allows chemical compounds to form.
Like gravity, the strength of electromagnetism drops off with the square of the distance between objects and works at infinite range. However, it only comes into play for charged objects, and whether it attracts or repels depends on the charges of each.
While stronger than gravity, this force is often balanced out in large objects by the equal numbers of positive and negative charges that form neutral atoms. For example Earth has a magnetic field due to electric currents in its liquid core, but Earth itself is electrically neutral.
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The answer to this question is electromagnetic force or electromagnetism.
It includes both electricity and magnetism, which are intertwined — a moving electric field produces a magnetic field, and vice versa.
Light carries this force, which illuminates our houses at night, keeps electrons in orbit around atomic nuclei, and allows chemical compounds to form.
Like gravity, the strength of electromagnetism drops off with the square of the distance between objects and works at infinite range. However, it only comes into play for charged objects, and whether it attracts or repels depends on the charges of each.
While stronger than gravity, this force is often balanced out in large objects by the equal numbers of positive and negative charges that form neutral atoms. For example Earth has a magnetic field due to electric currents in its liquid core, but Earth itself is electrically neutral.
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Which force is the strongest of the fundamental forces?
☢️💪 As suggested by its name, the strong nuclear force, or strong force for short, is the strongest of the fundamental forces.
❗️It is about 100 times stronger than electromagnetism and 100 trillion trillion trillion times stronger than gravity.
☢️⚛️ The strong force holds together the building blocks of atoms. It always attracts and works at two different size scales in atoms. At the level of an atomic nucleus, the strong force holds together the protons and neutrons that form the essence of the elements. On an even smaller scale, the strong force holds together the oppositely charged quarks that make up the neutrons and protons themselves.
ℹ️ However, the strong force only has influence over very small distances. For anything larger than the nucleus of a medium-sized atom (about 100 million times smaller than the width of a human hair), its influence quickly drops and other forces will be stronger.
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☢️💪 As suggested by its name, the strong nuclear force, or strong force for short, is the strongest of the fundamental forces.
❗️It is about 100 times stronger than electromagnetism and 100 trillion trillion trillion times stronger than gravity.
☢️⚛️ The strong force holds together the building blocks of atoms. It always attracts and works at two different size scales in atoms. At the level of an atomic nucleus, the strong force holds together the protons and neutrons that form the essence of the elements. On an even smaller scale, the strong force holds together the oppositely charged quarks that make up the neutrons and protons themselves.
ℹ️ However, the strong force only has influence over very small distances. For anything larger than the nucleus of a medium-sized atom (about 100 million times smaller than the width of a human hair), its influence quickly drops and other forces will be stronger.
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Which force acts at subatomic levels?
🔄 It is the weak nuclear force that is responsible for interactions between subatomic particles – the building blocks for matter, like protons, neutrons, and electrons.
🔺🔻Protons and neutrons are made of two quark varieties, up and down. This force can turn a down quark in a neutron into an up quark, which would change the neutron into a proton and switch its electric charge from neutral to positive. If that neutron were in the nucleus of an atom, the change to a proton would turn that atom into a different type of element. Such reactions are happening all the time in our Sun, giving it the energy to shine. This type of action also occurs in radioactive decay (atoms spontaneously shed energy and subatomic particles).
✔️This force works on the smallest distance scales, another 1,000 times smaller than the strong force. It is about a million times weaker than the strong force, too, though it is still considerably stronger than gravity.
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🔄 It is the weak nuclear force that is responsible for interactions between subatomic particles – the building blocks for matter, like protons, neutrons, and electrons.
🔺🔻Protons and neutrons are made of two quark varieties, up and down. This force can turn a down quark in a neutron into an up quark, which would change the neutron into a proton and switch its electric charge from neutral to positive. If that neutron were in the nucleus of an atom, the change to a proton would turn that atom into a different type of element. Such reactions are happening all the time in our Sun, giving it the energy to shine. This type of action also occurs in radioactive decay (atoms spontaneously shed energy and subatomic particles).
✔️This force works on the smallest distance scales, another 1,000 times smaller than the strong force. It is about a million times weaker than the strong force, too, though it is still considerably stronger than gravity.
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How to measure gravity on different planets?
🌎On Earth, falling objects experience an acceleration of 9.8 m/s2 due to Earth's gravitational force (GF), and that is defined as 1 g.
The easiest way to measure the GF on other planets in the Solar System is to express it as a fraction of Earth's g-force.
Jupiter is the largest planet, and it has the largest GF.
The reasoning doesn't extend the other way, though.
Mercury is the smallest planet, but its surface gravity is about the same as that of the much larger Mars because Mercury is more dense.
Similarly, Saturn is much larger but less dense than Earth, so the GF on 🪐 is about the same as it is on 🌍.
The gravity you would experience on different planets is:
• Mercury: 0.38 g
• Venus: 0.9 g
• Moon: 0.17 g
• Mars: 0.38 g
• Jupiter: 2.53 g
• Saturn: 1.07 g
• Uranus: 0.89 g
• Neptune: 1.14 g
• Pluto: 0.063 g
🤩Enjoy this visualization of gravity on different planets and the Sun using cars falling to the divider.
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🌎On Earth, falling objects experience an acceleration of 9.8 m/s2 due to Earth's gravitational force (GF), and that is defined as 1 g.
The easiest way to measure the GF on other planets in the Solar System is to express it as a fraction of Earth's g-force.
Jupiter is the largest planet, and it has the largest GF.
The reasoning doesn't extend the other way, though.
Mercury is the smallest planet, but its surface gravity is about the same as that of the much larger Mars because Mercury is more dense.
Similarly, Saturn is much larger but less dense than Earth, so the GF on 🪐 is about the same as it is on 🌍.
The gravity you would experience on different planets is:
• Mercury: 0.38 g
• Venus: 0.9 g
• Moon: 0.17 g
• Mars: 0.38 g
• Jupiter: 2.53 g
• Saturn: 1.07 g
• Uranus: 0.89 g
• Neptune: 1.14 g
• Pluto: 0.063 g
🤩Enjoy this visualization of gravity on different planets and the Sun using cars falling to the divider.
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Ask Me
What is gravity? According to the general theory of relativity, gravity can be understood as bends and curves in the fabric of space-time that affect the motions of galaxies, stars, planets, and even light. Anything with mass makes a dent in space-time…
Does zero gravity exist?
🔹Contrary to popular belief, there’s no such thing as zero gravity.
🔹Weightlessness and zero gravity are two different things.
🔹While we’re on Earth 🌏, we feel our weight because, as the Earth’s gravity pulls us into its center, the ground pushes back against our feet.
🔹When spacemen orbit the earth, they’re still subject to gravity, but they’re moving sideways so quickly that even though they’re being pulled toward the earth, they’re not getting any closer to the planet’s center. In other words, they’re basically in a state of constant free fall, and that’s why they’re weightless.
🔹Gravity never disappears entirely, it just gets weaker. And every object with mass has gravitational attraction, but when one of the objects is much larger than the other, its mass predominates.
🔹So, moving away won’t free you of the Earth’s gravity. All that would happen is that the Earth’s pull would be masked by the pull of some other object.
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🔹Contrary to popular belief, there’s no such thing as zero gravity.
🔹Weightlessness and zero gravity are two different things.
🔹While we’re on Earth 🌏, we feel our weight because, as the Earth’s gravity pulls us into its center, the ground pushes back against our feet.
🔹When spacemen orbit the earth, they’re still subject to gravity, but they’re moving sideways so quickly that even though they’re being pulled toward the earth, they’re not getting any closer to the planet’s center. In other words, they’re basically in a state of constant free fall, and that’s why they’re weightless.
🔹Gravity never disappears entirely, it just gets weaker. And every object with mass has gravitational attraction, but when one of the objects is much larger than the other, its mass predominates.
🔹So, moving away won’t free you of the Earth’s gravity. All that would happen is that the Earth’s pull would be masked by the pull of some other object.
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Why do we need to sleep?
😴 Sleep is an essential function that allows human’s body and mind to recharge. Healthy sleep also helps the body remain healthy and stave off diseases.
😴 Without enough sleep, the brain cannot function properly. This can impair your abilities to concentrate, think clearly, and process memories. Recent findings suggest that sleep plays a housekeeping role by removing toxins in our brain that build up while we are awake.
😴 Most adults require at least seven hours of nightly sleep. Children and teenagers need substantially more sleep, particularly if they are younger than five years of age.
😴 Work schedules, day-to-day stressors, a disruptive bedroom environment, and medical conditions can all prevent us from receiving enough sleep. A healthy diet and positive lifestyle habits can help ensure an adequate amount of sleep each night.
😴 The average person spends about 26 years sleeping which represents approximately one-third of our life.
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😴 Sleep is an essential function that allows human’s body and mind to recharge. Healthy sleep also helps the body remain healthy and stave off diseases.
😴 Without enough sleep, the brain cannot function properly. This can impair your abilities to concentrate, think clearly, and process memories. Recent findings suggest that sleep plays a housekeeping role by removing toxins in our brain that build up while we are awake.
😴 Most adults require at least seven hours of nightly sleep. Children and teenagers need substantially more sleep, particularly if they are younger than five years of age.
😴 Work schedules, day-to-day stressors, a disruptive bedroom environment, and medical conditions can all prevent us from receiving enough sleep. A healthy diet and positive lifestyle habits can help ensure an adequate amount of sleep each night.
😴 The average person spends about 26 years sleeping which represents approximately one-third of our life.
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What is NREM sleep?
A sleep is divided into 4️⃣ stages repeating cyclically throughout the night. The duration of each cycle is 90-120 min.
The first 3️⃣ stages are known as non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep:
Stage 1️⃣ NREM typically lasts several minutes, marks the transition between wakefulness and sleep. Muscles relax and heart rate, breathing, eye movements and brain waves begin to slow down.
Stage 2️⃣ NREM is the longest and is characterized by deeper sleep as processes in our organism continue slowing down. Body temperature decreases. Apart from some brief moments of higher frequency electrical activity, brain waves also remain slow.
Stage 3️⃣ NREM plays an important role in making you feel refreshed the next day. All vital processes reach their lowest levels, and the muscles are as relaxed as they will be. This stage will be longer at first and decrease in duration throughout the night.
ℹ️ NREM sleep constitutes 75-80% of each cycle.
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A sleep is divided into 4️⃣ stages repeating cyclically throughout the night. The duration of each cycle is 90-120 min.
The first 3️⃣ stages are known as non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep:
Stage 1️⃣ NREM typically lasts several minutes, marks the transition between wakefulness and sleep. Muscles relax and heart rate, breathing, eye movements and brain waves begin to slow down.
Stage 2️⃣ NREM is the longest and is characterized by deeper sleep as processes in our organism continue slowing down. Body temperature decreases. Apart from some brief moments of higher frequency electrical activity, brain waves also remain slow.
Stage 3️⃣ NREM plays an important role in making you feel refreshed the next day. All vital processes reach their lowest levels, and the muscles are as relaxed as they will be. This stage will be longer at first and decrease in duration throughout the night.
ℹ️ NREM sleep constitutes 75-80% of each cycle.
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At which stage of sleep are we dreaming?
Dreaming typically occurs during Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.
REM is the final stage of sleep that occurs about 90 minutes after you fall asleep.
As the name suggests, your eyes will move back and forth rather quickly under your eyelids. Breathing rate, heart rate, and blood pressure will begin to increase. Arms and legs will become paralyzed – it’s believed this is intended to prevent you from physically acting out on your dreams.
The duration of each REM sleep cycle increases as the night progresses.
Numerous studies have also linked REM sleep to memory consolidation the process of converting recently learned experiences into long-term memories.
The duration of the REM stage will decrease as you age, causing you to spend more time in the NREM stages.
ℹ️ You may also wake up briefly during the night but not remember the next day. These episodes are known as “W” stages.
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Dreaming typically occurs during Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.
REM is the final stage of sleep that occurs about 90 minutes after you fall asleep.
As the name suggests, your eyes will move back and forth rather quickly under your eyelids. Breathing rate, heart rate, and blood pressure will begin to increase. Arms and legs will become paralyzed – it’s believed this is intended to prevent you from physically acting out on your dreams.
The duration of each REM sleep cycle increases as the night progresses.
Numerous studies have also linked REM sleep to memory consolidation the process of converting recently learned experiences into long-term memories.
The duration of the REM stage will decrease as you age, causing you to spend more time in the NREM stages.
ℹ️ You may also wake up briefly during the night but not remember the next day. These episodes are known as “W” stages.
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What is insomnia and its symptons?
Insomnia is defined as difficulty either falling or staying asleep that is accompanied by daytime impairments.
🌚 Nighttime insomnia symptoms can include trouble sleeping and early waking.
🌞 Daytime insomnia symptoms may include fatigue, impaired memory, and irritability.
The 2️⃣ main types of insomnia are:
▪️acute insomnia that lasts not longer than three months and can often be traced to an external cause or life stressors
▪️chronic insomnia when a person experiences sleeping difficulties at least three days per week for longer than three months.
It is estimated that about 10% to 15% of people have chronic insomnia.
Common sleep issues that can be symptoms of insomnia are:
• Trouble falling asleep
• Trouble staying asleep throughout the night
• Unwanted early morning waking
• Resisting sleeping at bedtime in children and teens
• Difficulty sleeping without a caregiver’s help in children and teens
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Insomnia is defined as difficulty either falling or staying asleep that is accompanied by daytime impairments.
🌚 Nighttime insomnia symptoms can include trouble sleeping and early waking.
🌞 Daytime insomnia symptoms may include fatigue, impaired memory, and irritability.
The 2️⃣ main types of insomnia are:
▪️acute insomnia that lasts not longer than three months and can often be traced to an external cause or life stressors
▪️chronic insomnia when a person experiences sleeping difficulties at least three days per week for longer than three months.
It is estimated that about 10% to 15% of people have chronic insomnia.
Common sleep issues that can be symptoms of insomnia are:
• Trouble falling asleep
• Trouble staying asleep throughout the night
• Unwanted early morning waking
• Resisting sleeping at bedtime in children and teens
• Difficulty sleeping without a caregiver’s help in children and teens
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What causes insomnia?
Researchers suggest that in many people insomnia likely results from certain types of physiological arousal at unwanted times, disrupting normal patterns of sleep, e.g. a heightened heart rate, a higher body temperature, increased levels of hormones, like cortisol.
A person’s family history, age, and gender may also play a role in their susceptibility to insomnia.
Insomnia often occurs alongside mental health disorders, including depression and anxiety. It is believed that the cause of insomnia may be distinct in people who have both insomnia and mental health conditions.
Risk factors for insomnia are:
✔️older age
✔️pregnancy
✔️medical conditions (diabetes, chronic pain)
✔️neurological problems
✔️other sleep disorders
✔️mood disorders
✔️socioeconomic status
✔️stress and lifestyle
❗️ It is important to note that not everyone who has one or more of these risk factors ⬆️ will have insomnia, and not everyone with insomnia will have one of these risk factors.
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Researchers suggest that in many people insomnia likely results from certain types of physiological arousal at unwanted times, disrupting normal patterns of sleep, e.g. a heightened heart rate, a higher body temperature, increased levels of hormones, like cortisol.
A person’s family history, age, and gender may also play a role in their susceptibility to insomnia.
Insomnia often occurs alongside mental health disorders, including depression and anxiety. It is believed that the cause of insomnia may be distinct in people who have both insomnia and mental health conditions.
Risk factors for insomnia are:
✔️older age
✔️pregnancy
✔️medical conditions (diabetes, chronic pain)
✔️neurological problems
✔️other sleep disorders
✔️mood disorders
✔️socioeconomic status
✔️stress and lifestyle
❗️ It is important to note that not everyone who has one or more of these risk factors ⬆️ will have insomnia, and not everyone with insomnia will have one of these risk factors.
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What helps us to fall asleep when it is getting dark?
When it is getting dark, human’s body starts to produce a hormone called melatonin.
It is a hormone created by the pineal gland in the brain that is released into the bloodstream.
Darkness prompts the pineal gland to start producing melatonin, while light causes it to stop.
That’s why melatonin is known as the sleep hormone helping to synchronize the sleep-wake cycle with night and day, facilitating a transition to sleep and promoting consistent, quality rest.
Melatonin created within the body is endogenous melatonin, but it can also be produced externally. Exogenous melatonin is normally made synthetically, and as a dietary supplement.
❗️ There is however very little data about the long-term effects of melatonin supplements in children or adults.
‼️ There is also debate about whether melatonin is beneficial in otherwise healthy adults who have insomnia.
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When it is getting dark, human’s body starts to produce a hormone called melatonin.
It is a hormone created by the pineal gland in the brain that is released into the bloodstream.
Darkness prompts the pineal gland to start producing melatonin, while light causes it to stop.
That’s why melatonin is known as the sleep hormone helping to synchronize the sleep-wake cycle with night and day, facilitating a transition to sleep and promoting consistent, quality rest.
Melatonin created within the body is endogenous melatonin, but it can also be produced externally. Exogenous melatonin is normally made synthetically, and as a dietary supplement.
❗️ There is however very little data about the long-term effects of melatonin supplements in children or adults.
‼️ There is also debate about whether melatonin is beneficial in otherwise healthy adults who have insomnia.
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What are Circadian Rhythms?
Circadian rhythms work by helping to make sure that the body’s processes are optimized at various points during a 24-hour period.
🌝🌚 The term circadian comes from the Latin phrase “circa diem,” which means “around a day.”
Circadian rhythms exist in all types of organisms. They help flowers open and close at the right time and keep nocturnal animals from leaving their shelter during the daytime when they would be exposed to more predators.
In people, circadian rhythms coordinate mental and physical systems throughout the body. They are connected to an internal clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which is in a part of hypothalamus in the brain and is highly sensitive to light.
ℹ️ A circadian rhythm is an effect of a biological clock, but not all biological clocks are circadian, e.g. plants adjust to changing seasons using a biological clock with timing that is distinct from a 24-hour cycle.
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Circadian rhythms work by helping to make sure that the body’s processes are optimized at various points during a 24-hour period.
🌝🌚 The term circadian comes from the Latin phrase “circa diem,” which means “around a day.”
Circadian rhythms exist in all types of organisms. They help flowers open and close at the right time and keep nocturnal animals from leaving their shelter during the daytime when they would be exposed to more predators.
In people, circadian rhythms coordinate mental and physical systems throughout the body. They are connected to an internal clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which is in a part of hypothalamus in the brain and is highly sensitive to light.
ℹ️ A circadian rhythm is an effect of a biological clock, but not all biological clocks are circadian, e.g. plants adjust to changing seasons using a biological clock with timing that is distinct from a 24-hour cycle.
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Why Circadian Rhythms are important?
⏰ The sleep-wake cycle is one of the most clear and critical examples of the importance of circadian rhythms.
🌝⏰🌚 During the day, light exposure causes the internal clock to send signals that generate alertness and help keep us awake and active. As night falls, the internal clock initiates the production of melatonin and then keeps transmitting signals that help us stay asleep through the night. In this way, circadian rhythms align sleep and wakefulness with day and night to create a stable cycle of restorative rest that enables increased daytime activity.
✅⏰😴 When properly aligned, a circadian rhythm can promote consistent and restorative sleep.
⚠️🆘😟 But when it is thrown off, it can create significant sleep problems, including insomnia.
❗️ℹ️ These 24-hour cycles play a vital role in virtually all systems of the body. Research is revealing their importance for metabolism, immune system and other aspects of physical and mental health.
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⏰ The sleep-wake cycle is one of the most clear and critical examples of the importance of circadian rhythms.
🌝⏰🌚 During the day, light exposure causes the internal clock to send signals that generate alertness and help keep us awake and active. As night falls, the internal clock initiates the production of melatonin and then keeps transmitting signals that help us stay asleep through the night. In this way, circadian rhythms align sleep and wakefulness with day and night to create a stable cycle of restorative rest that enables increased daytime activity.
✅⏰😴 When properly aligned, a circadian rhythm can promote consistent and restorative sleep.
⚠️🆘😟 But when it is thrown off, it can create significant sleep problems, including insomnia.
❗️ℹ️ These 24-hour cycles play a vital role in virtually all systems of the body. Research is revealing their importance for metabolism, immune system and other aspects of physical and mental health.
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How do humans and computers perform tasks?
🔸 To perform many everyday tasks, humans use sets of instructions carried out in a specific order.
🔸 For example, when cooking, to prepare a delicious meal and not to spoil it, one must follow a certain set of steps in a particular order ⬆️.
🔸 Such a finite set of instructions, which must be executed in a specific order to accomplish a particular task, is defined as an algorithm.
🔸 In science, algorithms help perform calculations or other problem-solving operations. It is not the entire program or code; it is the simple logic to a problem represented as an informal denoscription in the form of a flowchart or pseudocode. It is often depicted as blocks of various shapes – input, processing unit and output ⬆️.
🔸 A cooking recipe is a simple algorithm, but an algorithm can also be complex, depending on what its final output is.
🔸 Modern computers use algorithms to calculate things faster and more efficiently than humans can.
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🔸 To perform many everyday tasks, humans use sets of instructions carried out in a specific order.
🔸 For example, when cooking, to prepare a delicious meal and not to spoil it, one must follow a certain set of steps in a particular order ⬆️.
🔸 Such a finite set of instructions, which must be executed in a specific order to accomplish a particular task, is defined as an algorithm.
🔸 In science, algorithms help perform calculations or other problem-solving operations. It is not the entire program or code; it is the simple logic to a problem represented as an informal denoscription in the form of a flowchart or pseudocode. It is often depicted as blocks of various shapes – input, processing unit and output ⬆️.
🔸 A cooking recipe is a simple algorithm, but an algorithm can also be complex, depending on what its final output is.
🔸 Modern computers use algorithms to calculate things faster and more efficiently than humans can.
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Ask Me
How do humans and computers perform tasks? 🔸 To perform many everyday tasks, humans use sets of instructions carried out in a specific order. 🔸 For example, when cooking, to prepare a delicious meal and not to spoil it, one must follow a certain set…
What is needed for instructions to be an algorithm?
❗️ Not all written instructions for programming are an algorithm.
✍️ For some instructions to be an algorithm, it must have the following characteristics:
✔️ Clear and Unambiguous
The algorithm should be unambiguous. Each of its steps should be clear in all aspects and must lead to only one meaning.
✔️ Well-Defined Inputs
If an algorithm says to take inputs, it should be well-defined inputs. It may or may not take input.
✔️ Well-Defined Outputs
The algorithm must clearly define what output will be yielded and it should be well-defined as well. It should produce at least one output.
✔️ Finite-ness
The algorithm must be finite, i.e. it should terminate after a finite time.
✔️ Feasible
The algorithm must be simple, generic, and practical, such that it can be executed with the available resources. It must not contain some future technology or anything.
✔️ Language Independent
The algorithm designed must be language-independent, i.e. it must be just plain instructions that can be implemented in any language, and yet the output will be the same, as expected.
✔️ Input
An algorithm has zero or more inputs. Each that contains a fundamental operator must accept zero or more inputs.
✔️ Output
An algorithm produces at least one output. Every instruction that contains a fundamental operator must accept zero or more inputs.
✔️Definiteness
All instructions in an algorithm must be unambiguous, precise, and easy to interpret. By referring to any of the instructions in an algorithm one can clearly understand what is to be done. Every fundamental operator in instruction must be defined without any ambiguity.
✔️ Finiteness
An algorithm must terminate after a finite number of steps in all test cases. Every instruction that contains a fundamental operator must be terminated within a finite amount of time. Infinite loops or recursive functions without base conditions do not possess finiteness.
✔️ Effectiveness
An algorithm must be developed by using very basic, simple, and feasible operations so that one can trace it out by using just paper and pencil.
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❗️ Not all written instructions for programming are an algorithm.
✍️ For some instructions to be an algorithm, it must have the following characteristics:
✔️ Clear and Unambiguous
The algorithm should be unambiguous. Each of its steps should be clear in all aspects and must lead to only one meaning.
✔️ Well-Defined Inputs
If an algorithm says to take inputs, it should be well-defined inputs. It may or may not take input.
✔️ Well-Defined Outputs
The algorithm must clearly define what output will be yielded and it should be well-defined as well. It should produce at least one output.
✔️ Finite-ness
The algorithm must be finite, i.e. it should terminate after a finite time.
✔️ Feasible
The algorithm must be simple, generic, and practical, such that it can be executed with the available resources. It must not contain some future technology or anything.
✔️ Language Independent
The algorithm designed must be language-independent, i.e. it must be just plain instructions that can be implemented in any language, and yet the output will be the same, as expected.
✔️ Input
An algorithm has zero or more inputs. Each that contains a fundamental operator must accept zero or more inputs.
✔️ Output
An algorithm produces at least one output. Every instruction that contains a fundamental operator must accept zero or more inputs.
✔️Definiteness
All instructions in an algorithm must be unambiguous, precise, and easy to interpret. By referring to any of the instructions in an algorithm one can clearly understand what is to be done. Every fundamental operator in instruction must be defined without any ambiguity.
✔️ Finiteness
An algorithm must terminate after a finite number of steps in all test cases. Every instruction that contains a fundamental operator must be terminated within a finite amount of time. Infinite loops or recursive functions without base conditions do not possess finiteness.
✔️ Effectiveness
An algorithm must be developed by using very basic, simple, and feasible operations so that one can trace it out by using just paper and pencil.
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How do humans and computers perform tasks? 🔸 To perform many everyday tasks, humans use sets of instructions carried out in a specific order. 🔸 For example, when cooking, to prepare a delicious meal and not to spoil it, one must follow a certain set…
What are types of algorithms?
ℹ️✍️ There are several types of algorithms available.
1️⃣1️⃣ important algorithms are:
🔹 Brute Force Algorithm: a straightforward approach that exhaustively tries all possible solutions, suitable for small problem instances but may become impractical for larger ones due to its high time complexity.
🔹 Recursive Algorithm: a method that breaks a problem into smaller, similar subproblems and repeatedly applies itself to solve them until reaching a base case, making it effective for tasks with recursive structures.
🔹 Encryption Algorithm: utilized to transform data into a secure, unreadable form using cryptographic techniques, ensuring confidentiality and privacy in digital communications and transactions.
🔹 Backtracking Algorithm: a trial-and-error technique used to explore potential solutions by undoing choices when they lead to an incorrect outcome, commonly employed in puzzles and optimization problems.
🔹 Searching Algorithm: designed to find a specific target within a dataset, enabling efficient retrieval of information from sorted or unsorted collections.
🔹 Sorting Algorithm: aimed at arranging elements in a specific order, like numerical or alphabetical, to enhance data organization and retrieval.
🔹 Hashing Algorithm: converts data into a fixed-size hash value, enabling rapid data access and retrieval in hash tables, commonly used in databases and password storage.
🔹 Divide and Conquer Algorithm: breaks a complex problem into smaller subproblems, solves them independently, and then combines their solutions to address the original problem effectively.
🔹 Greedy Algorithm: makes locally optimal choices at each step in the hope of finding a global optimum, useful for optimization problems but may not always lead to the best solution.
🔹 Dynamic Programming Algorithm: stores and reuses intermediate results to avoid redundant computations, enhancing the efficiency of solving complex problems.
🔹 Randomized Algorithm: utilizes randomness in its steps to achieve a solution, often used in situations where an approximate or probabilistic answer suffices.
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ℹ️✍️ There are several types of algorithms available.
1️⃣1️⃣ important algorithms are:
🔹 Brute Force Algorithm: a straightforward approach that exhaustively tries all possible solutions, suitable for small problem instances but may become impractical for larger ones due to its high time complexity.
🔹 Recursive Algorithm: a method that breaks a problem into smaller, similar subproblems and repeatedly applies itself to solve them until reaching a base case, making it effective for tasks with recursive structures.
🔹 Encryption Algorithm: utilized to transform data into a secure, unreadable form using cryptographic techniques, ensuring confidentiality and privacy in digital communications and transactions.
🔹 Backtracking Algorithm: a trial-and-error technique used to explore potential solutions by undoing choices when they lead to an incorrect outcome, commonly employed in puzzles and optimization problems.
🔹 Searching Algorithm: designed to find a specific target within a dataset, enabling efficient retrieval of information from sorted or unsorted collections.
🔹 Sorting Algorithm: aimed at arranging elements in a specific order, like numerical or alphabetical, to enhance data organization and retrieval.
🔹 Hashing Algorithm: converts data into a fixed-size hash value, enabling rapid data access and retrieval in hash tables, commonly used in databases and password storage.
🔹 Divide and Conquer Algorithm: breaks a complex problem into smaller subproblems, solves them independently, and then combines their solutions to address the original problem effectively.
🔹 Greedy Algorithm: makes locally optimal choices at each step in the hope of finding a global optimum, useful for optimization problems but may not always lead to the best solution.
🔹 Dynamic Programming Algorithm: stores and reuses intermediate results to avoid redundant computations, enhancing the efficiency of solving complex problems.
🔹 Randomized Algorithm: utilizes randomness in its steps to achieve a solution, often used in situations where an approximate or probabilistic answer suffices.
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What is artificial intelligence (AI)?
🧠🤖Artificial intelligence is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems.
AI systems work by ingesting large amounts of labeled training data, analyzing the data for correlations and patterns, and using these patterns to make predictions about future states.
AI programming focuses on cognitive skills that include the following:
▪️Learning: acquiring data and creating rules for how to turn it into actionable information. The rules – algorithms – provide computing devices with step-by-step instructions for how to complete a specific task.
▪️Reasoning: choosing the right algorithm to reach a desired outcome.
▪️Self-correction is designed to continually fine-tune algorithms and ensure they provide the most accurate results possible.
▪️Creativity uses neural networks, rules-based systems, statistical methods and other AI techniques to generate new images, new text, new music and new ideas.
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🧠🤖Artificial intelligence is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems.
AI systems work by ingesting large amounts of labeled training data, analyzing the data for correlations and patterns, and using these patterns to make predictions about future states.
AI programming focuses on cognitive skills that include the following:
▪️Learning: acquiring data and creating rules for how to turn it into actionable information. The rules – algorithms – provide computing devices with step-by-step instructions for how to complete a specific task.
▪️Reasoning: choosing the right algorithm to reach a desired outcome.
▪️Self-correction is designed to continually fine-tune algorithms and ensure they provide the most accurate results possible.
▪️Creativity uses neural networks, rules-based systems, statistical methods and other AI techniques to generate new images, new text, new music and new ideas.
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Who is the father of AI?
ℹ️ The term “artificial intelligence” is coined in a Proposal for the Dartmouth summer research project on artificial intelligence submitted on the 31st of August 1955 by a group of researchers.
🎂The workshop, which took place in July-August 1956, is considered as the official birthdate of AI.
🔺John McCarthy (1927-2011)⬆️, a prominent computer scientist, is recognized as the father of AI.
🔺He created Lisp, a standard programming language widely employed in robotics, various applications and services, and also worked on such innovations as self-driving car, robot consciousness and computer data sharing.
🔺After years of research, McCarthy offered the following definition of AI:
“It is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs. It is related to the similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence, AI does not have to confine itself to methods that are biologically observable.”
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ℹ️ The term “artificial intelligence” is coined in a Proposal for the Dartmouth summer research project on artificial intelligence submitted on the 31st of August 1955 by a group of researchers.
🎂The workshop, which took place in July-August 1956, is considered as the official birthdate of AI.
🔺John McCarthy (1927-2011)⬆️, a prominent computer scientist, is recognized as the father of AI.
🔺He created Lisp, a standard programming language widely employed in robotics, various applications and services, and also worked on such innovations as self-driving car, robot consciousness and computer data sharing.
🔺After years of research, McCarthy offered the following definition of AI:
“It is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs. It is related to the similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence, AI does not have to confine itself to methods that are biologically observable.”
Subscribe- t.me/askmenow
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What is the AI of today and that of the future?
🔲 Most of the AI that surrounds us today is trained and focused to perform specific tasks. Researchers call this AI weak or narrow - Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI). ‘Narrow’ might be a more accurate denoscriptor for such AI systems as they are anything but weak; enabling some very robust applications, and autonomous vehicles.
🔳 The AI of the future is called strong and is made up of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) and Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI).
AGI is a theoretical form of AI where a machine would have an intelligence equaled to humans and a self-aware consciousness in order to learn and plan.
ASI—or superintelligence—would surpass the intelligence and ability of the human brain. In the meantime, the best examples of ASI might be from science fiction.
❗️According to researchers, there is a 50% chance of AI outperforming humans in all tasks in 45 years and of automating all human jobs in 120 years.
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🔲 Most of the AI that surrounds us today is trained and focused to perform specific tasks. Researchers call this AI weak or narrow - Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI). ‘Narrow’ might be a more accurate denoscriptor for such AI systems as they are anything but weak; enabling some very robust applications, and autonomous vehicles.
🔳 The AI of the future is called strong and is made up of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) and Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI).
AGI is a theoretical form of AI where a machine would have an intelligence equaled to humans and a self-aware consciousness in order to learn and plan.
ASI—or superintelligence—would surpass the intelligence and ability of the human brain. In the meantime, the best examples of ASI might be from science fiction.
❗️According to researchers, there is a 50% chance of AI outperforming humans in all tasks in 45 years and of automating all human jobs in 120 years.
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