What is the largest volcano in the solar system?
🔺 Mars' Olympus Mons is the largest volcano in the solar system.
🔺 Found in the Tharsis Montes region near the Martian equator, Olympus Mons is one of a dozen large volcanoes, many of which are ten to a hundred times taller than their terrestrial counterparts. Olympus Mons is the tallest of them all towers 25 km (16 mi.) above the surrounding plains and stretches across 601 km (374 mi.).
🔺 Olympus Mons is a shield volcano.
🔺 Olympus Mons rises three times higher than Earth's highest mountain, Mount Everest.
ℹ️ Since there's no surface water on Mars, it isn't as easy to quantify terrain heights there as it is on Earth. But scientists have defined an effective 'sea level' for Mars, known as the areoid, which is an imaginary sphere having the average equatorial radius of the planet. Relative to the areoid the mountain is only 21 km (13 mi.) high — but that's still a record-breaking size.
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🔺 Mars' Olympus Mons is the largest volcano in the solar system.
🔺 Found in the Tharsis Montes region near the Martian equator, Olympus Mons is one of a dozen large volcanoes, many of which are ten to a hundred times taller than their terrestrial counterparts. Olympus Mons is the tallest of them all towers 25 km (16 mi.) above the surrounding plains and stretches across 601 km (374 mi.).
🔺 Olympus Mons is a shield volcano.
🔺 Olympus Mons rises three times higher than Earth's highest mountain, Mount Everest.
ℹ️ Since there's no surface water on Mars, it isn't as easy to quantify terrain heights there as it is on Earth. But scientists have defined an effective 'sea level' for Mars, known as the areoid, which is an imaginary sphere having the average equatorial radius of the planet. Relative to the areoid the mountain is only 21 km (13 mi.) high — but that's still a record-breaking size.
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How many types of clouds are there?
The global standard for cloud classification is the World Meteorological Organization's International Cloud Atlas, which lists 10 main types of clouds:
High-Level Clouds
☁️ Cirrus
☁️ Cirrocumulus
☁️ Cirrostratus
Mid-Level Clouds
☁️ Altocumulus
☁️ Altostratus
☁️ Nimbostratus
Low-Level Clouds
☁️ Cumulus
☁️ Cumulonimbus
☁️ Stratocumulus
☁️ Stratus
There are also other types of clouds that generally fall outside of this classification system:
☁️ lenticular clouds
☁️ mammatus clouds
☁️ contrails (condensation trails produced by airplanes).
In the polar regions, the top of the troposphere is lower, so clouds are lower. In the tropics, the top of the troposphere is higher, so clouds are higher.
Sometimes researchers mention the four main types of clouds, referring to the classification by industrial chemist Luke Howard (1772-1864) who named three main types — cirrus, cumulus, and stratus — with a fourth special type called nimbus.
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The global standard for cloud classification is the World Meteorological Organization's International Cloud Atlas, which lists 10 main types of clouds:
High-Level Clouds
☁️ Cirrus
☁️ Cirrocumulus
☁️ Cirrostratus
Mid-Level Clouds
☁️ Altocumulus
☁️ Altostratus
☁️ Nimbostratus
Low-Level Clouds
☁️ Cumulus
☁️ Cumulonimbus
☁️ Stratocumulus
☁️ Stratus
There are also other types of clouds that generally fall outside of this classification system:
☁️ lenticular clouds
☁️ mammatus clouds
☁️ contrails (condensation trails produced by airplanes).
In the polar regions, the top of the troposphere is lower, so clouds are lower. In the tropics, the top of the troposphere is higher, so clouds are higher.
Sometimes researchers mention the four main types of clouds, referring to the classification by industrial chemist Luke Howard (1772-1864) who named three main types — cirrus, cumulus, and stratus — with a fourth special type called nimbus.
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When and by whom was the smiley emoticon invented?
🗓🙂 On September 19, 1982, Scott Fahlman, a computer science professor at Carnegie Mellon University, is believed to have invented the sideways smiley emoticon (“smiley face”), by combining a colon, a hyphen, and a close parenthesis – “:-)”
🖥 By the early 1980’s, the Computer Science community at Carnegie Mellon was making heavy use of online bulletin boards or “bboards” – a precursor of today’s newsgroups, a platform socially accessible to others on the university’s closed intranet.
🙂 As this platform was then limited to text only, Fahlman suggested punctuating humorously intended computer messages by posting the smiley emoticon.
☹️ Interestingly, in the same post, Falman also suggested the use of :-( to indicate that a message was meant to be taken seriously, though that symbol quickly evolved into a marker for displeasure, frustration, or anger.
ℹ️ The smiley face has been dubbed the “first internet emoticon”.
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🗓🙂 On September 19, 1982, Scott Fahlman, a computer science professor at Carnegie Mellon University, is believed to have invented the sideways smiley emoticon (“smiley face”), by combining a colon, a hyphen, and a close parenthesis – “:-)”
🖥 By the early 1980’s, the Computer Science community at Carnegie Mellon was making heavy use of online bulletin boards or “bboards” – a precursor of today’s newsgroups, a platform socially accessible to others on the university’s closed intranet.
🙂 As this platform was then limited to text only, Fahlman suggested punctuating humorously intended computer messages by posting the smiley emoticon.
☹️ Interestingly, in the same post, Falman also suggested the use of :-( to indicate that a message was meant to be taken seriously, though that symbol quickly evolved into a marker for displeasure, frustration, or anger.
ℹ️ The smiley face has been dubbed the “first internet emoticon”.
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Ask Me
How many types of clouds are there? The global standard for cloud classification is the World Meteorological Organization's International Cloud Atlas, which lists 10 main types of clouds: High-Level Clouds ☁️ Cirrus ☁️ Cirrocumulus ☁️ Cirrostratus Mid-Level…
What are the main characteristics of high-level clouds?
Cirrus clouds are
▫️made of ice crystals and look like long, thin, wispy white streamers high in the sky
▫️commonly known as "mare's tails" because they are shaped like the tail of a horse
▫️often seen during fair weather (but if they are followed by cirrostratus clouds, there may be a warm front on the way).
Cirrocumulus clouds are
▫️small rounded puffs that usually appear in long rows high in the sky
▫️usually white, but sometimes appear gray
▫️often called a "mackerel sky” as they can look like the scales of a fish when covering a lot of the sky
▫️common in winter indicating fair, but cold, weather.
Cirrostratus clouds are
▫️high, thin sheet-like thin clouds that usually cover the entire sky
▫️so thin that the Sun or moon can sometimes shine through and appear to have a halo as light hits the ice crystals and bends.
▫️usually seen 12 to 24 hours before a rain or snowstorm.
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Cirrus clouds are
▫️made of ice crystals and look like long, thin, wispy white streamers high in the sky
▫️commonly known as "mare's tails" because they are shaped like the tail of a horse
▫️often seen during fair weather (but if they are followed by cirrostratus clouds, there may be a warm front on the way).
Cirrocumulus clouds are
▫️small rounded puffs that usually appear in long rows high in the sky
▫️usually white, but sometimes appear gray
▫️often called a "mackerel sky” as they can look like the scales of a fish when covering a lot of the sky
▫️common in winter indicating fair, but cold, weather.
Cirrostratus clouds are
▫️high, thin sheet-like thin clouds that usually cover the entire sky
▫️so thin that the Sun or moon can sometimes shine through and appear to have a halo as light hits the ice crystals and bends.
▫️usually seen 12 to 24 hours before a rain or snowstorm.
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Ask Me
How many types of clouds are there? The global standard for cloud classification is the World Meteorological Organization's International Cloud Atlas, which lists 10 main types of clouds: High-Level Clouds ☁️ Cirrus ☁️ Cirrocumulus ☁️ Cirrostratus Mid-Level…
What are the main characteristics of mid-level clouds?
Altocumulus clouds
▫️are mid-level, grayish-white with one part darker than the other
▫️usually form in groups and are about one kilometer thick
▫️are about as wide as your thumb when you hold up your hand at arm's length
▫️may be an indicator of a thunderstorm by late afternoon if seen on a warm, humid morning.
Altostratus clouds
▫️are mid-level, gray or blue-gray clouds
▫️usually cover the whole sky
▫️may be an indicator of a storm with continuous rain or snow.
The Sun or moon may shine through an altostratus cloud, but will appear watery or fuzzy. Occasionally, rain falls from an altostratus cloud. If the rain hits the ground, then the cloud has become a nimbostratus.
Nimbostratus clouds
▫️are dark gray, have ragged bases and sit low in the sky
▫️are associated with continuous rain or snow.
▫️sometimes cover the whole sky so that one can't see the edges of the cloud.
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Altocumulus clouds
▫️are mid-level, grayish-white with one part darker than the other
▫️usually form in groups and are about one kilometer thick
▫️are about as wide as your thumb when you hold up your hand at arm's length
▫️may be an indicator of a thunderstorm by late afternoon if seen on a warm, humid morning.
Altostratus clouds
▫️are mid-level, gray or blue-gray clouds
▫️usually cover the whole sky
▫️may be an indicator of a storm with continuous rain or snow.
The Sun or moon may shine through an altostratus cloud, but will appear watery or fuzzy. Occasionally, rain falls from an altostratus cloud. If the rain hits the ground, then the cloud has become a nimbostratus.
Nimbostratus clouds
▫️are dark gray, have ragged bases and sit low in the sky
▫️are associated with continuous rain or snow.
▫️sometimes cover the whole sky so that one can't see the edges of the cloud.
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Ask Me
How many types of clouds are there? The global standard for cloud classification is the World Meteorological Organization's International Cloud Atlas, which lists 10 main types of clouds: High-Level Clouds ☁️ Cirrus ☁️ Cirrocumulus ☁️ Cirrostratus Mid-Level…
What are the main characteristics of low-level clouds?
Cumulus clouds
▫️have vertical growth
▫️are puffy white or light gray clouds looking like floating cotton balls
▫️have sharp outlines and a flat base at a height of 1000m
▫️are generally about 1km wide
▫️can be associated with fair or stormy weather.
Cumulonimbus clouds
▫️have vertical growth and can grow up to 10 km high, where they have an anvil-like shape because of high winds
▫️are thunderstorm clouds and are associated with heavy rain, snow, hail, lightning, and sometimes tornadoes.
Stratus clouds
▫️are low and have a uniform gray in color
▫️can cover most or all of the sky
▫️can look like a fog that doesn't reach the ground.
Light mist or drizzle is sometimes falling when stratus clouds are in the sky.
Stratocumulus clouds
▫️are low, lumpy, and gray
▫️can line up in rows and also spread out
▫️may be confused with higher altocumulus clouds.
Only light rain (usually drizzle) falls from stratocumulus clouds.
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Cumulus clouds
▫️have vertical growth
▫️are puffy white or light gray clouds looking like floating cotton balls
▫️have sharp outlines and a flat base at a height of 1000m
▫️are generally about 1km wide
▫️can be associated with fair or stormy weather.
Cumulonimbus clouds
▫️have vertical growth and can grow up to 10 km high, where they have an anvil-like shape because of high winds
▫️are thunderstorm clouds and are associated with heavy rain, snow, hail, lightning, and sometimes tornadoes.
Stratus clouds
▫️are low and have a uniform gray in color
▫️can cover most or all of the sky
▫️can look like a fog that doesn't reach the ground.
Light mist or drizzle is sometimes falling when stratus clouds are in the sky.
Stratocumulus clouds
▫️are low, lumpy, and gray
▫️can line up in rows and also spread out
▫️may be confused with higher altocumulus clouds.
Only light rain (usually drizzle) falls from stratocumulus clouds.
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Ask Me
How many types of clouds are there? The global standard for cloud classification is the World Meteorological Organization's International Cloud Atlas, which lists 10 main types of clouds: High-Level Clouds ☁️ Cirrus ☁️ Cirrocumulus ☁️ Cirrostratus Mid-Level…
What clouds are rare and form in unique ways?
Lenticular, or lee wave, clouds
▫️are lens-shaped and often look like flying saucers
▫️form downwind of an obstacle, e.g. a mountain, in the path of a strong air current
▫️seem to stay in one place, even though air is moving through the cloud, unlike other types of clouds.
Kelvin-Helmholtz clouds
▫️look like breaking waves in the ocean
▫️form when there is a difference in the wind speed or direction between two wind currents in the atmosphere and complex evaporation and condensation patterns create the capped tops and cloudless troughs of the waves.
Mammatus clouds
▫️are pouches of clouds that hang underneath the base of a cloud
▫️are most often associated with cumulonimbus clouds that produce very strong storms
▫️usually form during warm months, and are formed by descending air in the cloud.
▫️look like a field of tennis balls or melons, or like female human breasts ('mammatus' in Latin means ‘mamma’, or ‘breast’)
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Lenticular, or lee wave, clouds
▫️are lens-shaped and often look like flying saucers
▫️form downwind of an obstacle, e.g. a mountain, in the path of a strong air current
▫️seem to stay in one place, even though air is moving through the cloud, unlike other types of clouds.
Kelvin-Helmholtz clouds
▫️look like breaking waves in the ocean
▫️form when there is a difference in the wind speed or direction between two wind currents in the atmosphere and complex evaporation and condensation patterns create the capped tops and cloudless troughs of the waves.
Mammatus clouds
▫️are pouches of clouds that hang underneath the base of a cloud
▫️are most often associated with cumulonimbus clouds that produce very strong storms
▫️usually form during warm months, and are formed by descending air in the cloud.
▫️look like a field of tennis balls or melons, or like female human breasts ('mammatus' in Latin means ‘mamma’, or ‘breast’)
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Why is morning wiser than evening?
People are easily seduced by first impressions, even when they turn out to be inaccurate.
At the same time, expressions like ‘morning is wiser than evening’ or ‘one should sleep on it’ exist in many cultures and languages.
According to a new study, sleeping on it can really help people avoid judging a book solely by its cover.
In “garage sale” experiments, the researchers asked participants to look through virtual boxes. All boxes were equally valuable, but rewards were either evenly distributed or clustered at the beginning, middle, or end of the sequence. A pattern (a psychological phenomenon called primacy bias) quickly emerged: when the participants had to make a decision right away, they tended to believe that some boxes were more valuable than they really were. However, participants who weren’t asked to decide until the next day were less likely to fall into these traps and made more rational choices.
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People are easily seduced by first impressions, even when they turn out to be inaccurate.
At the same time, expressions like ‘morning is wiser than evening’ or ‘one should sleep on it’ exist in many cultures and languages.
According to a new study, sleeping on it can really help people avoid judging a book solely by its cover.
In “garage sale” experiments, the researchers asked participants to look through virtual boxes. All boxes were equally valuable, but rewards were either evenly distributed or clustered at the beginning, middle, or end of the sequence. A pattern (a psychological phenomenon called primacy bias) quickly emerged: when the participants had to make a decision right away, they tended to believe that some boxes were more valuable than they really were. However, participants who weren’t asked to decide until the next day were less likely to fall into these traps and made more rational choices.
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Where do lavas originate from?
Lavas from hotspots likely originate from a worldwide, uniform reservoir in Earth's mantle, according to a new research.
The findings indicate Earth's mantle is far more chemically homogenous than scientists previously thought - and that lavas only acquire their unique chemical "flavours" enroute to the surface, interacting with different types of rocks.
Besides shedding entirely new light on hotspot lavas in oceanic parts of the world, the analysis also revealed an exciting new link to basaltic lavas on the continents. These melts, which contain diamond-bearing kimberlites, are fundamentally different from magmas found at oceanic hotspots. They nevertheless prove to have the same magma "ancestor."
ℹ️ A hotspot is a large plume of hot mantle material rising from deep within the Earth. A line of volcanoes develops as a plate moves over a hotspot, much as a line of melted wax forms as a sheet of waxed paper is moved slowly over a burning candle.
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Lavas from hotspots likely originate from a worldwide, uniform reservoir in Earth's mantle, according to a new research.
The findings indicate Earth's mantle is far more chemically homogenous than scientists previously thought - and that lavas only acquire their unique chemical "flavours" enroute to the surface, interacting with different types of rocks.
Besides shedding entirely new light on hotspot lavas in oceanic parts of the world, the analysis also revealed an exciting new link to basaltic lavas on the continents. These melts, which contain diamond-bearing kimberlites, are fundamentally different from magmas found at oceanic hotspots. They nevertheless prove to have the same magma "ancestor."
ℹ️ A hotspot is a large plume of hot mantle material rising from deep within the Earth. A line of volcanoes develops as a plate moves over a hotspot, much as a line of melted wax forms as a sheet of waxed paper is moved slowly over a burning candle.
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How many “hidden turbulences” in Van Gogh's “Starry Night”?
The illusion of movement in “The Starry Night” is so vivid that scientists analyzed how closely van Gogh’s depiction mirrors the actual physics of atmospheric turbulence.
They discovered two “hidden turbulences”:
1️⃣the sizes of the 14 whirls or eddies and their relative distance and intensity, follow a physical law known as Kolmogorov’s theory of turbulence.
ℹ️In the 1940s, Soviet Russian mathematician Andrey Kolmogorov (1903-1987) described a mathematical relationship between the fluctuations in a flow’s speed and the rate at which its energy dissipates.
2️⃣the paint, at the smallest scale, mixes around with some background swirls and whirls in a fashion predicted by turbulence theory, following a statistical pattern known as Batchelor’s scaling.
ℹ️Batchelor’s scaling mathematically represents how small particles (drifting algae in the ocean or pieces of dust in the wind) are passively mixed around by turbulent flow.
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The illusion of movement in “The Starry Night” is so vivid that scientists analyzed how closely van Gogh’s depiction mirrors the actual physics of atmospheric turbulence.
They discovered two “hidden turbulences”:
1️⃣the sizes of the 14 whirls or eddies and their relative distance and intensity, follow a physical law known as Kolmogorov’s theory of turbulence.
ℹ️In the 1940s, Soviet Russian mathematician Andrey Kolmogorov (1903-1987) described a mathematical relationship between the fluctuations in a flow’s speed and the rate at which its energy dissipates.
2️⃣the paint, at the smallest scale, mixes around with some background swirls and whirls in a fashion predicted by turbulence theory, following a statistical pattern known as Batchelor’s scaling.
ℹ️Batchelor’s scaling mathematically represents how small particles (drifting algae in the ocean or pieces of dust in the wind) are passively mixed around by turbulent flow.
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