How big were ancient sea scorpions and why?
🌊🦂 Eurypterids, or “sea scorpions,” are an extinct group of chelicerates, arthropods related to horseshoe crabs, scorpions, spiders, mites, and ticks.
They thrived all over the world for more than 200 million years in the Devonian period of the Paleozoic Era, until their disappearance during a mass extinction at the end of the Permian 250 million years ago.
The pterygotid eurypterids reached total lengths of more than 2.5 meters (8 ft) and sometimes are called the largest arthropods ever to exist.
Sea scorpions were also the only eurypterids that were able to swim across open oceans.
Scientists suggest several explanations why sea scorpions grew to be so big:
📌 the atmosphere with a higher concentration of oxygen (35%, compared to 21% today) accounts for the gigantism during the Devonian period
📌 the necessity to pierce the ever-evolving armor of their fish prey
📌 the lower gravity found underwater
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🌊🦂 Eurypterids, or “sea scorpions,” are an extinct group of chelicerates, arthropods related to horseshoe crabs, scorpions, spiders, mites, and ticks.
They thrived all over the world for more than 200 million years in the Devonian period of the Paleozoic Era, until their disappearance during a mass extinction at the end of the Permian 250 million years ago.
The pterygotid eurypterids reached total lengths of more than 2.5 meters (8 ft) and sometimes are called the largest arthropods ever to exist.
Sea scorpions were also the only eurypterids that were able to swim across open oceans.
Scientists suggest several explanations why sea scorpions grew to be so big:
📌 the atmosphere with a higher concentration of oxygen (35%, compared to 21% today) accounts for the gigantism during the Devonian period
📌 the necessity to pierce the ever-evolving armor of their fish prey
📌 the lower gravity found underwater
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What are different types of love?
ℹ️ Love is often defined as a set of emotions and behaviors characterized by intimacy, passion, and commitment, also involving care, closeness, protectiveness, attraction, affection, and trust.
Psychologists note that love is a physiological motivation such as hunger, thirst, sleep, and identify several different types of love that people may experience.
❤️Friendship involves liking someone and sharing a certain degree of intimacy.
❤️Infatuation involves intense feelings of attraction without a sense of commitment, takes place early in a relationship and may deepen into a more lasting love.
❤️Passionate love is marked by intense feelings of longing and attraction, often involves an idealization of the other person and a need to maintain constant physical closeness.
❤️Compassionate/companionate love is marked by trust, affection, intimacy, and commitment.
💔Unrequited love happens when one person loves another who does not return those feelings.
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ℹ️ Love is often defined as a set of emotions and behaviors characterized by intimacy, passion, and commitment, also involving care, closeness, protectiveness, attraction, affection, and trust.
Psychologists note that love is a physiological motivation such as hunger, thirst, sleep, and identify several different types of love that people may experience.
❤️Friendship involves liking someone and sharing a certain degree of intimacy.
❤️Infatuation involves intense feelings of attraction without a sense of commitment, takes place early in a relationship and may deepen into a more lasting love.
❤️Passionate love is marked by intense feelings of longing and attraction, often involves an idealization of the other person and a need to maintain constant physical closeness.
❤️Compassionate/companionate love is marked by trust, affection, intimacy, and commitment.
💔Unrequited love happens when one person loves another who does not return those feelings.
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Where does love live?
❤️🧠 Love is often associated with the heart, but, according to scientists, love is more about the brain.
Using cutting-edge brain imaging technology, researchers characterized the brain areas involved in love for six different objects: romantic partner, one’s children, friends, strangers, pets, and nature.
Scientists induced feelings of love using short stories and found that depending on its object different types of love light up different parts of the brain ⬆️
Interestingly, the experts found that love for one’s children generated the most intense brain activity, closely followed by the romantic type.
Interactions with different entities, whether humans, animals, or nature, led to varying patterns of brain activation.
The findings extend beyond understanding emotional responses, offering potential applications in improving mental health and paving the way for more effective therapies that strengthen emotional well-being and personal relationships.
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❤️🧠 Love is often associated with the heart, but, according to scientists, love is more about the brain.
Using cutting-edge brain imaging technology, researchers characterized the brain areas involved in love for six different objects: romantic partner, one’s children, friends, strangers, pets, and nature.
Scientists induced feelings of love using short stories and found that depending on its object different types of love light up different parts of the brain ⬆️
Interestingly, the experts found that love for one’s children generated the most intense brain activity, closely followed by the romantic type.
Interactions with different entities, whether humans, animals, or nature, led to varying patterns of brain activation.
The findings extend beyond understanding emotional responses, offering potential applications in improving mental health and paving the way for more effective therapies that strengthen emotional well-being and personal relationships.
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What planet could have been responsible for the killing the dinosaurs?
*️⃣ Many mysteries remain about the Chicxulub impactor that wiped out more than 60 percent of known species, including the non-avian dinosaurs like Tyrannosaurus rex.
*️⃣ In a recent study, researchers used an innovative technique to demonstrate that the apocalyptic culprit had formed beyond Jupiter's orbit.
*️⃣ Scientists also suggest the Chicxulub impactor wasn’t a comet or a run-of-the-mill giant space rock—it was a conspicuously “carbonaceous” (C-type) asteroid, rich in carbon and organic compounds.
*️⃣ The conclusions are particularly notable, given how rarely this type of asteroid collides with Earth.
*️⃣ According to researchers, studying the nature of asteroids that have struck Earth since its beginnings:
📍 can help solve the enigma of the origin of our planet's water that may have been brought to Earth by asteroids;
📍 also allows humanity to prepare for the future.
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*️⃣ Many mysteries remain about the Chicxulub impactor that wiped out more than 60 percent of known species, including the non-avian dinosaurs like Tyrannosaurus rex.
*️⃣ In a recent study, researchers used an innovative technique to demonstrate that the apocalyptic culprit had formed beyond Jupiter's orbit.
*️⃣ Scientists also suggest the Chicxulub impactor wasn’t a comet or a run-of-the-mill giant space rock—it was a conspicuously “carbonaceous” (C-type) asteroid, rich in carbon and organic compounds.
*️⃣ The conclusions are particularly notable, given how rarely this type of asteroid collides with Earth.
*️⃣ According to researchers, studying the nature of asteroids that have struck Earth since its beginnings:
📍 can help solve the enigma of the origin of our planet's water that may have been brought to Earth by asteroids;
📍 also allows humanity to prepare for the future.
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What makes a story successful?
There are not so much universal truths about humanity, but one thing is for certain: humans love stories.
Whether it's books, movies, TV shows or even advertisements, people are constantly being told or telling stories every day. Entire industries are built around storytelling and understanding which stories connect with people the most.
By applying advanced computational linguistics and trend detection analysis to 30,000 books, movies, TV shows, and even fundraising pitches, the researchers found one core element of storytelling that helped predict a story's success with audiences: narrative reversals.
Narrative reversals are defined as key turning points in a story or changes in fortune that take characters from heights to depths and vice versa.
According to scientists, narrative reversals are not the sole determiner of how good a story is, but they were impressed with its consistency and the fact that it's so simple.
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There are not so much universal truths about humanity, but one thing is for certain: humans love stories.
Whether it's books, movies, TV shows or even advertisements, people are constantly being told or telling stories every day. Entire industries are built around storytelling and understanding which stories connect with people the most.
By applying advanced computational linguistics and trend detection analysis to 30,000 books, movies, TV shows, and even fundraising pitches, the researchers found one core element of storytelling that helped predict a story's success with audiences: narrative reversals.
Narrative reversals are defined as key turning points in a story or changes in fortune that take characters from heights to depths and vice versa.
According to scientists, narrative reversals are not the sole determiner of how good a story is, but they were impressed with its consistency and the fact that it's so simple.
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What is the largest volcano in the solar system?
🔺 Mars' Olympus Mons is the largest volcano in the solar system.
🔺 Found in the Tharsis Montes region near the Martian equator, Olympus Mons is one of a dozen large volcanoes, many of which are ten to a hundred times taller than their terrestrial counterparts. Olympus Mons is the tallest of them all towers 25 km (16 mi.) above the surrounding plains and stretches across 601 km (374 mi.).
🔺 Olympus Mons is a shield volcano.
🔺 Olympus Mons rises three times higher than Earth's highest mountain, Mount Everest.
ℹ️ Since there's no surface water on Mars, it isn't as easy to quantify terrain heights there as it is on Earth. But scientists have defined an effective 'sea level' for Mars, known as the areoid, which is an imaginary sphere having the average equatorial radius of the planet. Relative to the areoid the mountain is only 21 km (13 mi.) high — but that's still a record-breaking size.
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🔺 Mars' Olympus Mons is the largest volcano in the solar system.
🔺 Found in the Tharsis Montes region near the Martian equator, Olympus Mons is one of a dozen large volcanoes, many of which are ten to a hundred times taller than their terrestrial counterparts. Olympus Mons is the tallest of them all towers 25 km (16 mi.) above the surrounding plains and stretches across 601 km (374 mi.).
🔺 Olympus Mons is a shield volcano.
🔺 Olympus Mons rises three times higher than Earth's highest mountain, Mount Everest.
ℹ️ Since there's no surface water on Mars, it isn't as easy to quantify terrain heights there as it is on Earth. But scientists have defined an effective 'sea level' for Mars, known as the areoid, which is an imaginary sphere having the average equatorial radius of the planet. Relative to the areoid the mountain is only 21 km (13 mi.) high — but that's still a record-breaking size.
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How many types of clouds are there?
The global standard for cloud classification is the World Meteorological Organization's International Cloud Atlas, which lists 10 main types of clouds:
High-Level Clouds
☁️ Cirrus
☁️ Cirrocumulus
☁️ Cirrostratus
Mid-Level Clouds
☁️ Altocumulus
☁️ Altostratus
☁️ Nimbostratus
Low-Level Clouds
☁️ Cumulus
☁️ Cumulonimbus
☁️ Stratocumulus
☁️ Stratus
There are also other types of clouds that generally fall outside of this classification system:
☁️ lenticular clouds
☁️ mammatus clouds
☁️ contrails (condensation trails produced by airplanes).
In the polar regions, the top of the troposphere is lower, so clouds are lower. In the tropics, the top of the troposphere is higher, so clouds are higher.
Sometimes researchers mention the four main types of clouds, referring to the classification by industrial chemist Luke Howard (1772-1864) who named three main types — cirrus, cumulus, and stratus — with a fourth special type called nimbus.
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The global standard for cloud classification is the World Meteorological Organization's International Cloud Atlas, which lists 10 main types of clouds:
High-Level Clouds
☁️ Cirrus
☁️ Cirrocumulus
☁️ Cirrostratus
Mid-Level Clouds
☁️ Altocumulus
☁️ Altostratus
☁️ Nimbostratus
Low-Level Clouds
☁️ Cumulus
☁️ Cumulonimbus
☁️ Stratocumulus
☁️ Stratus
There are also other types of clouds that generally fall outside of this classification system:
☁️ lenticular clouds
☁️ mammatus clouds
☁️ contrails (condensation trails produced by airplanes).
In the polar regions, the top of the troposphere is lower, so clouds are lower. In the tropics, the top of the troposphere is higher, so clouds are higher.
Sometimes researchers mention the four main types of clouds, referring to the classification by industrial chemist Luke Howard (1772-1864) who named three main types — cirrus, cumulus, and stratus — with a fourth special type called nimbus.
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When and by whom was the smiley emoticon invented?
🗓🙂 On September 19, 1982, Scott Fahlman, a computer science professor at Carnegie Mellon University, is believed to have invented the sideways smiley emoticon (“smiley face”), by combining a colon, a hyphen, and a close parenthesis – “:-)”
🖥 By the early 1980’s, the Computer Science community at Carnegie Mellon was making heavy use of online bulletin boards or “bboards” – a precursor of today’s newsgroups, a platform socially accessible to others on the university’s closed intranet.
🙂 As this platform was then limited to text only, Fahlman suggested punctuating humorously intended computer messages by posting the smiley emoticon.
☹️ Interestingly, in the same post, Falman also suggested the use of :-( to indicate that a message was meant to be taken seriously, though that symbol quickly evolved into a marker for displeasure, frustration, or anger.
ℹ️ The smiley face has been dubbed the “first internet emoticon”.
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🗓🙂 On September 19, 1982, Scott Fahlman, a computer science professor at Carnegie Mellon University, is believed to have invented the sideways smiley emoticon (“smiley face”), by combining a colon, a hyphen, and a close parenthesis – “:-)”
🖥 By the early 1980’s, the Computer Science community at Carnegie Mellon was making heavy use of online bulletin boards or “bboards” – a precursor of today’s newsgroups, a platform socially accessible to others on the university’s closed intranet.
🙂 As this platform was then limited to text only, Fahlman suggested punctuating humorously intended computer messages by posting the smiley emoticon.
☹️ Interestingly, in the same post, Falman also suggested the use of :-( to indicate that a message was meant to be taken seriously, though that symbol quickly evolved into a marker for displeasure, frustration, or anger.
ℹ️ The smiley face has been dubbed the “first internet emoticon”.
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Ask Me
How many types of clouds are there? The global standard for cloud classification is the World Meteorological Organization's International Cloud Atlas, which lists 10 main types of clouds: High-Level Clouds ☁️ Cirrus ☁️ Cirrocumulus ☁️ Cirrostratus Mid-Level…
What are the main characteristics of high-level clouds?
Cirrus clouds are
▫️made of ice crystals and look like long, thin, wispy white streamers high in the sky
▫️commonly known as "mare's tails" because they are shaped like the tail of a horse
▫️often seen during fair weather (but if they are followed by cirrostratus clouds, there may be a warm front on the way).
Cirrocumulus clouds are
▫️small rounded puffs that usually appear in long rows high in the sky
▫️usually white, but sometimes appear gray
▫️often called a "mackerel sky” as they can look like the scales of a fish when covering a lot of the sky
▫️common in winter indicating fair, but cold, weather.
Cirrostratus clouds are
▫️high, thin sheet-like thin clouds that usually cover the entire sky
▫️so thin that the Sun or moon can sometimes shine through and appear to have a halo as light hits the ice crystals and bends.
▫️usually seen 12 to 24 hours before a rain or snowstorm.
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Cirrus clouds are
▫️made of ice crystals and look like long, thin, wispy white streamers high in the sky
▫️commonly known as "mare's tails" because they are shaped like the tail of a horse
▫️often seen during fair weather (but if they are followed by cirrostratus clouds, there may be a warm front on the way).
Cirrocumulus clouds are
▫️small rounded puffs that usually appear in long rows high in the sky
▫️usually white, but sometimes appear gray
▫️often called a "mackerel sky” as they can look like the scales of a fish when covering a lot of the sky
▫️common in winter indicating fair, but cold, weather.
Cirrostratus clouds are
▫️high, thin sheet-like thin clouds that usually cover the entire sky
▫️so thin that the Sun or moon can sometimes shine through and appear to have a halo as light hits the ice crystals and bends.
▫️usually seen 12 to 24 hours before a rain or snowstorm.
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Ask Me
How many types of clouds are there? The global standard for cloud classification is the World Meteorological Organization's International Cloud Atlas, which lists 10 main types of clouds: High-Level Clouds ☁️ Cirrus ☁️ Cirrocumulus ☁️ Cirrostratus Mid-Level…
What are the main characteristics of mid-level clouds?
Altocumulus clouds
▫️are mid-level, grayish-white with one part darker than the other
▫️usually form in groups and are about one kilometer thick
▫️are about as wide as your thumb when you hold up your hand at arm's length
▫️may be an indicator of a thunderstorm by late afternoon if seen on a warm, humid morning.
Altostratus clouds
▫️are mid-level, gray or blue-gray clouds
▫️usually cover the whole sky
▫️may be an indicator of a storm with continuous rain or snow.
The Sun or moon may shine through an altostratus cloud, but will appear watery or fuzzy. Occasionally, rain falls from an altostratus cloud. If the rain hits the ground, then the cloud has become a nimbostratus.
Nimbostratus clouds
▫️are dark gray, have ragged bases and sit low in the sky
▫️are associated with continuous rain or snow.
▫️sometimes cover the whole sky so that one can't see the edges of the cloud.
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Altocumulus clouds
▫️are mid-level, grayish-white with one part darker than the other
▫️usually form in groups and are about one kilometer thick
▫️are about as wide as your thumb when you hold up your hand at arm's length
▫️may be an indicator of a thunderstorm by late afternoon if seen on a warm, humid morning.
Altostratus clouds
▫️are mid-level, gray or blue-gray clouds
▫️usually cover the whole sky
▫️may be an indicator of a storm with continuous rain or snow.
The Sun or moon may shine through an altostratus cloud, but will appear watery or fuzzy. Occasionally, rain falls from an altostratus cloud. If the rain hits the ground, then the cloud has become a nimbostratus.
Nimbostratus clouds
▫️are dark gray, have ragged bases and sit low in the sky
▫️are associated with continuous rain or snow.
▫️sometimes cover the whole sky so that one can't see the edges of the cloud.
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Ask Me
How many types of clouds are there? The global standard for cloud classification is the World Meteorological Organization's International Cloud Atlas, which lists 10 main types of clouds: High-Level Clouds ☁️ Cirrus ☁️ Cirrocumulus ☁️ Cirrostratus Mid-Level…
What are the main characteristics of low-level clouds?
Cumulus clouds
▫️have vertical growth
▫️are puffy white or light gray clouds looking like floating cotton balls
▫️have sharp outlines and a flat base at a height of 1000m
▫️are generally about 1km wide
▫️can be associated with fair or stormy weather.
Cumulonimbus clouds
▫️have vertical growth and can grow up to 10 km high, where they have an anvil-like shape because of high winds
▫️are thunderstorm clouds and are associated with heavy rain, snow, hail, lightning, and sometimes tornadoes.
Stratus clouds
▫️are low and have a uniform gray in color
▫️can cover most or all of the sky
▫️can look like a fog that doesn't reach the ground.
Light mist or drizzle is sometimes falling when stratus clouds are in the sky.
Stratocumulus clouds
▫️are low, lumpy, and gray
▫️can line up in rows and also spread out
▫️may be confused with higher altocumulus clouds.
Only light rain (usually drizzle) falls from stratocumulus clouds.
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Cumulus clouds
▫️have vertical growth
▫️are puffy white or light gray clouds looking like floating cotton balls
▫️have sharp outlines and a flat base at a height of 1000m
▫️are generally about 1km wide
▫️can be associated with fair or stormy weather.
Cumulonimbus clouds
▫️have vertical growth and can grow up to 10 km high, where they have an anvil-like shape because of high winds
▫️are thunderstorm clouds and are associated with heavy rain, snow, hail, lightning, and sometimes tornadoes.
Stratus clouds
▫️are low and have a uniform gray in color
▫️can cover most or all of the sky
▫️can look like a fog that doesn't reach the ground.
Light mist or drizzle is sometimes falling when stratus clouds are in the sky.
Stratocumulus clouds
▫️are low, lumpy, and gray
▫️can line up in rows and also spread out
▫️may be confused with higher altocumulus clouds.
Only light rain (usually drizzle) falls from stratocumulus clouds.
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Ask Me
How many types of clouds are there? The global standard for cloud classification is the World Meteorological Organization's International Cloud Atlas, which lists 10 main types of clouds: High-Level Clouds ☁️ Cirrus ☁️ Cirrocumulus ☁️ Cirrostratus Mid-Level…
What clouds are rare and form in unique ways?
Lenticular, or lee wave, clouds
▫️are lens-shaped and often look like flying saucers
▫️form downwind of an obstacle, e.g. a mountain, in the path of a strong air current
▫️seem to stay in one place, even though air is moving through the cloud, unlike other types of clouds.
Kelvin-Helmholtz clouds
▫️look like breaking waves in the ocean
▫️form when there is a difference in the wind speed or direction between two wind currents in the atmosphere and complex evaporation and condensation patterns create the capped tops and cloudless troughs of the waves.
Mammatus clouds
▫️are pouches of clouds that hang underneath the base of a cloud
▫️are most often associated with cumulonimbus clouds that produce very strong storms
▫️usually form during warm months, and are formed by descending air in the cloud.
▫️look like a field of tennis balls or melons, or like female human breasts ('mammatus' in Latin means ‘mamma’, or ‘breast’)
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Lenticular, or lee wave, clouds
▫️are lens-shaped and often look like flying saucers
▫️form downwind of an obstacle, e.g. a mountain, in the path of a strong air current
▫️seem to stay in one place, even though air is moving through the cloud, unlike other types of clouds.
Kelvin-Helmholtz clouds
▫️look like breaking waves in the ocean
▫️form when there is a difference in the wind speed or direction between two wind currents in the atmosphere and complex evaporation and condensation patterns create the capped tops and cloudless troughs of the waves.
Mammatus clouds
▫️are pouches of clouds that hang underneath the base of a cloud
▫️are most often associated with cumulonimbus clouds that produce very strong storms
▫️usually form during warm months, and are formed by descending air in the cloud.
▫️look like a field of tennis balls or melons, or like female human breasts ('mammatus' in Latin means ‘mamma’, or ‘breast’)
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