как Эллерман успевает писать столько всего по темам от философии и теории информации до политической экономики
Ontology the progressive research program (not to be confused with ontology the swapping of hunches about what exists) is usually traced back to Quine's 1948 paper ‘On What There Is’.
According to Quine in that paper, the ontological problem can be stated in three words—‘what is there?’—and answered in one: ‘everything’. Not only that, Quine says, but ‘everyone will accept this answer as true’.
But what could prevent there from being a fact of the matter as to whether a thing is? The idea of looking for trouble in the application conditions of ‘exists’ makes no sense, because these conditions are automatically satisfied by whatever they are tested against.
первым signalling games предложили не экономисты, а Льюис для объяснения того, как появляются конвенциональные значения слов
Equivalent theories (or statements, or models, or representations) represent the very same state of the world; any differences are merely conventional or notational. Our question is the metaphysics of equivalence, what it is to be equivalent.
The Tools of Metaphysics and the Metaphysics of Science. Theodore Sider
The Tools of Metaphysics and the Metaphysics of Science. Theodore Sider
One naturally or naively wants out of a notion of equivalence a weapon to silence anyone who wants to think about absurd questions such as whether a 1 kg object is really 1 or 1,000 in mass.