A Detailed Guide on Certipy
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In this Certipy Active Directory Exploitation guide, we explore how to use Certipy—an offensive and defensive toolkit designed for Active Directory Certificate Services (AD CS)—to enumerate misconfigurations and abuse CA templates.
📘 Overview of Certipy
🏛️ ADCS Key Concepts
📋 Prerequisites
🕵️ Finding Vulnerable Templates
🧾 Examining Account Privileges
🔧 Manipulating Accounts
📜 Requesting Certificates
🔐 Authenticating via Certificate
👥 Managing Shadow Credentials
🛠️ Modifying Templates & CA
🌀 Forging & Relaying Certificates
🛡️ Mitigation
✴ Twitter: https://x.com/hackinarticles
In this Certipy Active Directory Exploitation guide, we explore how to use Certipy—an offensive and defensive toolkit designed for Active Directory Certificate Services (AD CS)—to enumerate misconfigurations and abuse CA templates.
📘 Overview of Certipy
🏛️ ADCS Key Concepts
📋 Prerequisites
🕵️ Finding Vulnerable Templates
🧾 Examining Account Privileges
🔧 Manipulating Accounts
📜 Requesting Certificates
🔐 Authenticating via Certificate
👥 Managing Shadow Credentials
🛠️ Modifying Templates & CA
🌀 Forging & Relaying Certificates
🛡️ Mitigation
❤1👍1🔥1
🚀 AI Penetration Training (Online) – Register Now! 🚀
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🧠 LLM Architecture
🔐 LLM Security Principles
🗄️ Data Security in AI Systems
🛡️ Model Security
🏗️ Infrastructure Security
📜 OWASP Top 10 for LLMs
⚙️ LLM Installation and Deployment
📡 Model Context Protocol (MCP)
🚀 Publishing Your Model Using Ollama
🔍 Introduction to Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG)
🌐 Making Your AI Application Public
📊 Types of Enumeration Using AI
🎯 Prompt Injection Attacks
🐞 Exploiting LLM APIs: Real-World Bug Scenarios
🔑 Password Leakage via AI Models
🎭 Indirect Prompt Injection Techniques
⚠️ Misconfigurations in LLM Deployments
👑 Exploitation of LLM APIs with Excessive Privileges
📝 Content Manipulation in LLM Outputs
📤 Data Extraction Attacks on LLMs
🔒 Securing AI Systems
🧾 System Prompts and Their Security Implications
🤖 Automated Penetration Testing with AI
🔗 Register here: https://forms.gle/bowpX9TGEs41GDG99
💬 WhatsApp: https://wa.me/message/HIOPPNENLOX6F1
📧 Email: info@ignitetechnologies.in
Limited slots available! Hurry up to secure your spot in this exclusive training program offered by Ignite Technologies.
🧠 LLM Architecture
🔐 LLM Security Principles
🗄️ Data Security in AI Systems
🛡️ Model Security
🏗️ Infrastructure Security
📜 OWASP Top 10 for LLMs
⚙️ LLM Installation and Deployment
📡 Model Context Protocol (MCP)
🚀 Publishing Your Model Using Ollama
🔍 Introduction to Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG)
🌐 Making Your AI Application Public
📊 Types of Enumeration Using AI
🎯 Prompt Injection Attacks
🐞 Exploiting LLM APIs: Real-World Bug Scenarios
🔑 Password Leakage via AI Models
🎭 Indirect Prompt Injection Techniques
⚠️ Misconfigurations in LLM Deployments
👑 Exploitation of LLM APIs with Excessive Privileges
📝 Content Manipulation in LLM Outputs
📤 Data Extraction Attacks on LLMs
🔒 Securing AI Systems
🧾 System Prompts and Their Security Implications
🤖 Automated Penetration Testing with AI
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Cyber Incident Response Explained in Bite-Sized Scenarios
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1. No Incident Plan
Kitchen fire → Staff panics
✅ Fix: OT-specific response drills
2. Weak Architecture
Open kitchen → Rats everywhere
✅ Fix: Segment IT/OT networks
3. Blind Monitoring
No cameras → Thieves steal freely
✅ Fix: ICS-aware sensors (e.g., Dragos)
4. Risky Remote Access
Backdoor open → Hackers walk in
✅ Fix: MFA + time-limited access
5. Ignored Vulnerabilities
Rotten food → Customers sick
✅ Fix: Patch "NOW" threats first
Stats:
Only 29% secure remote access
61% monitor networks properly
✴ Twitter: Share this thread
1. No Incident Plan
Kitchen fire → Staff panics
✅ Fix: OT-specific response drills
2. Weak Architecture
Open kitchen → Rats everywhere
✅ Fix: Segment IT/OT networks
3. Blind Monitoring
No cameras → Thieves steal freely
✅ Fix: ICS-aware sensors (e.g., Dragos)
4. Risky Remote Access
Backdoor open → Hackers walk in
✅ Fix: MFA + time-limited access
5. Ignored Vulnerabilities
Rotten food → Customers sick
✅ Fix: Patch "NOW" threats first
Stats:
Only 29% secure remote access
61% monitor networks properly
❤3
ADCS ESC4: Vulnerable Certificate Template Access Control
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ESC4 Active Directory Certificate Services Vulnerability is a high-risk vulnerability in Active Directory Certificate Services (ADCS) that enables attackers to exploit misconfigured certificate template permissions (e.g., Write, GenericAll, WriteDACL).
📘 Overview of the ESC4 Attack
⚙️ ESC4 Attack Mechanism
🔑 Server Authentication EKU Structure
📋 Prerequisites
🧪 Lab Setup
🎯 Enumeration and Exploitation
🛠️ ESC4 Attack Using Certipy
🧠 Post Exploitation
🔁 Lateral Movement & Privilege Escalation Using Impacket-PsExec
💥 ESC4 Attack Using Metasploit
🛡️ Mitigation
✴ Twitter: https://x.com/hackinarticles
ESC4 Active Directory Certificate Services Vulnerability is a high-risk vulnerability in Active Directory Certificate Services (ADCS) that enables attackers to exploit misconfigured certificate template permissions (e.g., Write, GenericAll, WriteDACL).
📘 Overview of the ESC4 Attack
⚙️ ESC4 Attack Mechanism
🔑 Server Authentication EKU Structure
📋 Prerequisites
🧪 Lab Setup
🎯 Enumeration and Exploitation
🛠️ ESC4 Attack Using Certipy
🧠 Post Exploitation
🔁 Lateral Movement & Privilege Escalation Using Impacket-PsExec
💥 ESC4 Attack Using Metasploit
🛡️ Mitigation
🔥 OSCP+/CTF Exam Practice Training (Online) 🔥 – Register Now! 🚀
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📧 Email: info@ignitetechnologies.in
Join IGNITE TECHNOLOGIES’ exclusive "Capture the Flag" Training Program and enhance your skills with the following modules:
🧠 Introduction
🌐 Information Gathering
🧱 Vulnerability Scanning
🔓 Windows Privilege Escalation
🐧 Linux Privilege Escalation
🛡️ Client-Side Attacks
🌐 Web Application Attacks
🧬 Password Attacks
🧠 Tunneling & Pivoting
🏰 Active Directory Attacks
💣 Exploiting Public Exploits
📋 Report Writing
🔗 Register here: https://forms.gle/bowpX9TGEs41GDG99
💬 WhatsApp: https://wa.me/message/HIOPPNENLOX6F1
📧 Email: info@ignitetechnologies.in
Join IGNITE TECHNOLOGIES’ exclusive "Capture the Flag" Training Program and enhance your skills with the following modules:
🧠 Introduction
🌐 Information Gathering
🧱 Vulnerability Scanning
🔓 Windows Privilege Escalation
🐧 Linux Privilege Escalation
🛡️ Client-Side Attacks
🌐 Web Application Attacks
🧬 Password Attacks
🧠 Tunneling & Pivoting
🏰 Active Directory Attacks
💣 Exploiting Public Exploits
📋 Report Writing
ISO 27001-2022 Controls
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AWS S3 Security Risks Explained Through Simple Scenarios
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Understand AWS S3 security risks and defenses with these bite-sized analogies:
☢ Publicly Exposed Bucket
Scenario: Bank vault left open → Anyone can walk in and take cash.
Risk: Misconfigured S3 buckets expose sensitive data globally.
Defense: Enable S3 Block Public Access at the account level.
☢ Leaked Credentials
Scenario: Master key copied → Thieves unlock every door.
Risk: Hardcoded AWS keys in code/GitHub grant attackers full access.
Defense: Use IAM roles (not keys) and scan repos with git-secrets.
☢ Malicious Uploads
Scenario: Poisoned food delivered → Kitchen infected.
Risk: Attackers upload webshells/malware via unvalidated file uploads.
Defense: Enforce server-side file validation and scan uploads with GuardDuty Malware Protection.
☢ Unencrypted Data
Scenario: Secret letters sent in clear text → Intercepted easily.
Risk: Data breaches if buckets lack SSE-KMS encryption.
Defense: Enable default bucket encryption and enforce HTTPS via bucket policies.
☢ No Logging
Scenario: Burglary with no cameras → No evidence.
Risk: Attacks go undetected without S3 Server Access Logs and CloudTrail.
Defense: Log all API calls and analyze with GuardDuty.
Key Defensive Actions
Least Privilege: Restrict IAM policies to specific buckets/actions.
Automate Audits: Use AWS Config rules to flag misconfigurations.
Monitor: Set up EventBridge alerts for suspicious activity (e.g., .php uploads).
Lock Down: Use S3 Object Lock (WORM) for immutable backups.
✴ Twitter: Join US
Understand AWS S3 security risks and defenses with these bite-sized analogies:
☢ Publicly Exposed Bucket
Scenario: Bank vault left open → Anyone can walk in and take cash.
Risk: Misconfigured S3 buckets expose sensitive data globally.
Defense: Enable S3 Block Public Access at the account level.
☢ Leaked Credentials
Scenario: Master key copied → Thieves unlock every door.
Risk: Hardcoded AWS keys in code/GitHub grant attackers full access.
Defense: Use IAM roles (not keys) and scan repos with git-secrets.
☢ Malicious Uploads
Scenario: Poisoned food delivered → Kitchen infected.
Risk: Attackers upload webshells/malware via unvalidated file uploads.
Defense: Enforce server-side file validation and scan uploads with GuardDuty Malware Protection.
☢ Unencrypted Data
Scenario: Secret letters sent in clear text → Intercepted easily.
Risk: Data breaches if buckets lack SSE-KMS encryption.
Defense: Enable default bucket encryption and enforce HTTPS via bucket policies.
☢ No Logging
Scenario: Burglary with no cameras → No evidence.
Risk: Attacks go undetected without S3 Server Access Logs and CloudTrail.
Defense: Log all API calls and analyze with GuardDuty.
Key Defensive Actions
Least Privilege: Restrict IAM policies to specific buckets/actions.
Automate Audits: Use AWS Config rules to flag misconfigurations.
Monitor: Set up EventBridge alerts for suspicious activity (e.g., .php uploads).
Lock Down: Use S3 Object Lock (WORM) for immutable backups.
❤2
Windows Persistence: Port Monitors
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The article “Windows Persistence using Port Monitors” explores a lesser-known but effective technique for maintaining unauthorized access on a compromised Windows system.
#infosec #cybersecurity #cybersecuritytips #microsoft #redteam #informationsecurity #CyberSec #ai #offensivesecurity #infosecurity #cyberattacks #security #oscp #cybersecurityawareness #bugbounty #bugbountytips
🔥 Telegram: https://news.1rj.ru/str/hackinarticles
The article “Windows Persistence using Port Monitors” explores a lesser-known but effective technique for maintaining unauthorized access on a compromised Windows system.
#infosec #cybersecurity #cybersecuritytips #microsoft #redteam #informationsecurity #CyberSec #ai #offensivesecurity #infosecurity #cyberattacks #security #oscp #cybersecurityawareness #bugbounty #bugbountytips