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Clinical Biochemistry
AN ILLUSTRATED COLOUR TEXT 📗 ⤵️👇

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تطييق جميل فيه كل ما يتعلق بالــ Medicine Chemical
فقط لاخصائي البيوكمستري، 👇

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تطبيق رااائع يفيدك في كل ما يتعلق بالتحضيرات الكيميائية السائلة والصلبة والغازية وطرق التخفيف ومعرفة درجة الحرارة ونوع الوسط وووو الخ .... اكتشفها بنفسك ،
↔التطبيق👇
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ABG Pro 👌
👇👇📱
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ABG Pro
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كما عهدناكم وتكرماً منكم ،
نحتاج دعم الصفحة عالفيسبوك بليكات وكومنتات ، ودعوة الاصدقاء للمتابعة .
⤵️👇🔻
https://m.facebook.com/LabMed2016

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💠Calcium Studies

●Serum Ca2+
✧Causes of ↑
>10.2 mg/dL

↑ Vit. D or Ca2+ intake. ↑ PTH. ↑ Bone breakdown. Hereditary disorders: e.g., Familial hypocalciuria. Metabolic: e.g., ↑↑ Thyroid, acromegaly, Addison's. Drugs: e.g., Thiazides, Li+

✧Causes of ↓
<8.5 mg/dL

Vit. D/Ca2+ ↓ intake / ↓ absorption. ↓ PTH or ↑ calcitonin Ca2+ sequestration: e.g., Saponification. ↓ Albumin e.g., Liver disease. ↓ Mg2+ or ↑ phosphorus (binds Ca2+) Osteoblastic malignancy. Drugs: e.g., Aminoglycosides .

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●Ionized Ca2+

✧Causes of ↑
⇨>5.3 mg/dL
Measures physiologically

✧Causes of ↓
⇨<4.4 mg/dL
↓ with ↑ blood pH / ↑ protein

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⇨pH 7.4
active nonbound Ca2+, ↑ with ↓ blood pH or ↓ protein or ↓ albumin

⇨pH 7.4
↑ albumin: e.g., Multiple myeloma, dehydration

https://telegram.me/joinchat/AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA

●Urine Ca2+ (UCa)
✧Causes of ↑
→>300 mg/24hr
↑ serum Ca2+, also specific renal disease: e.g., Idiopathic hypercalciuria, RTA

✧Causes of ↓
→<100 mg/24hr
↓ serum Ca2+, also specific renal disease and drugs: 
e.g., thiazides

https://telegram.me/joinchat/AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA

●Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
✧Causes of ↑
>55 pg/mL
Primary / secondary ↑ Pparathyroid ↓ Vit. D

✧Causes of ↓
<10 pg/mL
↓ Pparathyroid, ↑ thyroid, ↓ Mg, ↑ nonparathyroid Ca2+

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●Vitamin D3 25-hydroxy [25(OH)D3]

✧Causes of ↑
>50 ng/mL

↑ Ca2+ ↑ Vit. D intake ↑ Sunlight exposure

✧Causes of ↓
<10 ng/mL

↓ Sunlight exposure, ↓ Vit D intake / absorption . Pregnancy.
Drugs: phenobarbital, phenytoin.

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●Vitamin D3 1,25-hydroxy [1,25(OH)2D3]

✧Causes of ↑
>76 ng/mL
↑ Ca2+ ↑ Vit. D intake ↑ Sunlight exposure

✧Causes of ↓
<20 ng/mL
↓ Sunlight exposure,
↓ Vit D intake /absorption . 
Pregnancy. 
Drugs: phenobarbital, phenytoin.

https://telegram.me/joinchat/AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
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🔝 Calcitonin Calcium (Ca2+) plays a significant role in both nervous conduction and muscle contraction.
It is also necessary for coagulation (clotting) of blood. The blood calcium level is regulated in part by calcitonin, a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland when the blood calcium level rises 🔝

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calcitonin | Thyroid Negative Feedback Loop

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Calcium Regulation
Hormonal Control of Blood Calcium Levels

Blood levels of calcium are regulated by the parathyroid hormone, which acts on the bones, kidneys, and intestines to keep levels constant.

🔺HYPERCALCEMIA & 🔻HYPOCALCEMIA

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🔺HYPERCALCEMIA Hyperparathyroidism: usually an adenoma Malignancy: PTH-related peptide released by tumor (squamous cell, renal, breast, bladder) Vitamin D excess: granulomas (sarcoidosis, TB, Wegener’s) Increased bone turnover: hyperthyroidism, Paget’s
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🔻HYPOCALCEMIA Hypoparathyroidism: sporadic, caused by thyroid surgery, Wilson’s, hypomagnesemia Vitamin D deficiency: no sunlight, GI disease Chronic renal failure: decreased 1,25(OH)D production, increased phosphate .

http://bit.ly/2mpJ0Y9