Why are moiré patterns important for materials science?
The so-called moiré patterns are motifs that emerge when two repetitive structures are overlaid.
This phenomenon is well known from computer or TV screens: when looking at a finely striped pattern, e.g. on a shirt, the stripes do not look evenly spaced and seem to bend in some areas. While undesirable in this case, the moiré effect can indeed be surprisingly useful.
Two atomically thin materials can be overlapped to create a new material, in which the atomic structures of the two produce a moiré pattern.
Some of these moiré materials exhibit astonishing properties, drastically different from those of their components, which may be applied in science, e.g. in novel nano-electronic devices.
The term originates from a French word “moiré”, a type of textile, traditionally made of silk but now also made of cotton or synthetic fiber, with a rippled or "watered" appearance, by pressing two layers of the textile when wet.
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The so-called moiré patterns are motifs that emerge when two repetitive structures are overlaid.
This phenomenon is well known from computer or TV screens: when looking at a finely striped pattern, e.g. on a shirt, the stripes do not look evenly spaced and seem to bend in some areas. While undesirable in this case, the moiré effect can indeed be surprisingly useful.
Two atomically thin materials can be overlapped to create a new material, in which the atomic structures of the two produce a moiré pattern.
Some of these moiré materials exhibit astonishing properties, drastically different from those of their components, which may be applied in science, e.g. in novel nano-electronic devices.
The term originates from a French word “moiré”, a type of textile, traditionally made of silk but now also made of cotton or synthetic fiber, with a rippled or "watered" appearance, by pressing two layers of the textile when wet.
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What organisms are holobionts?
According to modern scientists, organisms are holobionts, and life is sympoietic.
The term “holobiont” refers to the scientific conclusion that organisms are integrated consortia of a host organism plus numerous species of other symbiotic organisms.
With few (if any) exceptions, animals and plants are holobionts, federated partnerships of numerous species functioning together to generate a healthy organism.
For example:
🧍♂️🧍♀️In the adult human body, microbes account for approximately half of cells, and these bacteria, fungi, protists, and archaea are critical for healthy physiology, development, and immunity.
🐄 Cows are herbivores, but there are no genes in their bovine nuclei that encode grass-digesting enzymes, and these cellulose-digesting enzymes come from the set of microbes living within the rumen of the cattle’s guts.
🪸 In coral, most of the animal’s carbon resources are derived from the photosynthetic reactions of its algal symbionts.
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According to modern scientists, organisms are holobionts, and life is sympoietic.
The term “holobiont” refers to the scientific conclusion that organisms are integrated consortia of a host organism plus numerous species of other symbiotic organisms.
With few (if any) exceptions, animals and plants are holobionts, federated partnerships of numerous species functioning together to generate a healthy organism.
For example:
🧍♂️🧍♀️In the adult human body, microbes account for approximately half of cells, and these bacteria, fungi, protists, and archaea are critical for healthy physiology, development, and immunity.
🐄 Cows are herbivores, but there are no genes in their bovine nuclei that encode grass-digesting enzymes, and these cellulose-digesting enzymes come from the set of microbes living within the rumen of the cattle’s guts.
🪸 In coral, most of the animal’s carbon resources are derived from the photosynthetic reactions of its algal symbionts.
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How can plants cope with stresses and even “speak” to fungi?
Abiotic stresses, such as nutrient deficiency, drought, high temperature, and light stress, are significant limiting factors of plant survival and growth.
Scientists already knew that plant hormones (phytohormones), organic molecules that cause signaling effects in plant tissues, play an essential role in enhancing plant tolerance by responding to abiotic stresses.
But several recent studies have shown that strigolactones (SLs), carotenoid derivatives that occur naturally in plants, are novel phytohormones that regulate plant metabolism and growth, and help to cope with various stresses, e.g. by initiating physiological responses against drought stress.
SLs are also crucial for the interaction of plants with soil microorganisms like fungi, providing inter-kingdom communication.
In addition to attracting microorganisms, SLs affect photosynthesis, bridge other phytohormones, induce metabolic compounds.
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Abiotic stresses, such as nutrient deficiency, drought, high temperature, and light stress, are significant limiting factors of plant survival and growth.
Scientists already knew that plant hormones (phytohormones), organic molecules that cause signaling effects in plant tissues, play an essential role in enhancing plant tolerance by responding to abiotic stresses.
But several recent studies have shown that strigolactones (SLs), carotenoid derivatives that occur naturally in plants, are novel phytohormones that regulate plant metabolism and growth, and help to cope with various stresses, e.g. by initiating physiological responses against drought stress.
SLs are also crucial for the interaction of plants with soil microorganisms like fungi, providing inter-kingdom communication.
In addition to attracting microorganisms, SLs affect photosynthesis, bridge other phytohormones, induce metabolic compounds.
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What is the difference between a “normal” and a mass extinction?
✔️ Extinction is a part of life, and animals and plants disappear all the time.
✔️ When a species disappears, scientists say that a species goes extinct.
✔️ From an evolutionary perspective, the role of species that become extinct in the ecosystem is usually filled by new species, or other existing ones.
❗️ Earth's 'normal' extinction rate is often thought to be somewhere between 0.1 and 1 species per 10,000 species per 100 years. This is known as the background rate of extinction.
✔️ However, during the history of life on Earth, there have been periods of mass extinction.
❗️ A mass extinction event is when species vanish much faster than they are replaced. This is usually defined as about 75% of the world's species being lost in a short period of geological time - less than 2.8 million years.
ℹ️ About 98% of all the organisms that have ever existed on our planet are now extinct.
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✔️ Extinction is a part of life, and animals and plants disappear all the time.
✔️ When a species disappears, scientists say that a species goes extinct.
✔️ From an evolutionary perspective, the role of species that become extinct in the ecosystem is usually filled by new species, or other existing ones.
❗️ Earth's 'normal' extinction rate is often thought to be somewhere between 0.1 and 1 species per 10,000 species per 100 years. This is known as the background rate of extinction.
✔️ However, during the history of life on Earth, there have been periods of mass extinction.
❗️ A mass extinction event is when species vanish much faster than they are replaced. This is usually defined as about 75% of the world's species being lost in a short period of geological time - less than 2.8 million years.
ℹ️ About 98% of all the organisms that have ever existed on our planet are now extinct.
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Ask Me
What is the difference between a “normal” and a mass extinction? ✔️ Extinction is a part of life, and animals and plants disappear all the time. ✔️ When a species disappears, scientists say that a species goes extinct. ✔️ From an evolutionary perspective…
How many mass extinctions have there been and which one was the most devastating?
In the last 500 million years, five great mass extinction events have changed the face of life on Earth. We know what caused some of them, but others remain a mystery.
1️⃣ The Ordovician-Silurian mass extinction occurred 443 million years ago and wiped out approximately 85% of all species. Scientists think it was caused by temperatures plummeting and huge glaciers forming, which caused sea levels to drop dramatically. This was followed by a period of rapid warming. Many small marine species died out.
2️⃣ The Devonian mass extinction event took place 374 million years ago and killed about three-quarters of the world's species, most of which were marine invertebrates that lived at the bottom of the sea. This was a period of many environmental changes, including global warming and cooling, a rise and fall of sea levels and a reduction in oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. We don't know exactly what triggered the extinction event.
3️⃣ The Permian mass extinction, which happened 250 million years ago, was the largest and most devastating event of the five. The Permian-Triassic extinction event is also known as the Great Dying. It eradicated more than 95% of all species, including most of the vertebrates which had begun to evolve by this time. Some scientists think Earth was hit by a large asteroid which filled the air with dust particles that blocked out the Sun and caused acid rain. Others think there was a large volcanic explosion which increased carbon dioxide and made the oceans toxic.
4️⃣ The Triassic mass extinction event occurred 200 million years ago, eliminating about 80% of Earth's species, including many types of dinosaurs. This was probably caused by colossal geological activity that increased carbon dioxide levels and global temperatures, as well as ocean acidification.
5️⃣ The Cretaceous mass extinction event occurred 66 million years ago, killing 78% of all species, including the remaining non-avian dinosaurs. This was most likely caused by an asteroid hitting the Earth in what is now Mexico, potentially compounded by ongoing flood volcanism in what is now India.
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In the last 500 million years, five great mass extinction events have changed the face of life on Earth. We know what caused some of them, but others remain a mystery.
1️⃣ The Ordovician-Silurian mass extinction occurred 443 million years ago and wiped out approximately 85% of all species. Scientists think it was caused by temperatures plummeting and huge glaciers forming, which caused sea levels to drop dramatically. This was followed by a period of rapid warming. Many small marine species died out.
2️⃣ The Devonian mass extinction event took place 374 million years ago and killed about three-quarters of the world's species, most of which were marine invertebrates that lived at the bottom of the sea. This was a period of many environmental changes, including global warming and cooling, a rise and fall of sea levels and a reduction in oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. We don't know exactly what triggered the extinction event.
3️⃣ The Permian mass extinction, which happened 250 million years ago, was the largest and most devastating event of the five. The Permian-Triassic extinction event is also known as the Great Dying. It eradicated more than 95% of all species, including most of the vertebrates which had begun to evolve by this time. Some scientists think Earth was hit by a large asteroid which filled the air with dust particles that blocked out the Sun and caused acid rain. Others think there was a large volcanic explosion which increased carbon dioxide and made the oceans toxic.
4️⃣ The Triassic mass extinction event occurred 200 million years ago, eliminating about 80% of Earth's species, including many types of dinosaurs. This was probably caused by colossal geological activity that increased carbon dioxide levels and global temperatures, as well as ocean acidification.
5️⃣ The Cretaceous mass extinction event occurred 66 million years ago, killing 78% of all species, including the remaining non-avian dinosaurs. This was most likely caused by an asteroid hitting the Earth in what is now Mexico, potentially compounded by ongoing flood volcanism in what is now India.
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How did the dinosaur with the strongest bite look like?
🦖 T.rex (Tyrannosaurus rex) that stomped the Earth from about 68 million to 66 million years ago is a repeat science fiction star for a reason: its bite was ferocious and could deliver up to six tons…
🦖 T.rex (Tyrannosaurus rex) that stomped the Earth from about 68 million to 66 million years ago is a repeat science fiction star for a reason: its bite was ferocious and could deliver up to six tons…
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What is the closest exoplanet that might have an ocean of liquid water?
The exoplanet LHS 1140 b is one of the closest discovered planets that lies within its star’s habitable zone — the region where a planet could retain liquid water – and might have an atmosphere and an ocean of liquid water.
⬆️ According to an international scientists’ team, LHS 1140 b might be what’s called an eyeball planet, with a single liquid ocean surrounded by ice. Or it might be entirely ice-covered, with an ocean below the ice, similar to Jupiter’s moon Europa or Saturn’s moon Enceladus.
Located only 48-49 light-years away in the constellation Cetus, LHS 1140 b is 1.7 times the size of our planet Earth and is the most promising habitable zone exoplanet yet in search for liquid water beyond the Solar System.
The team hopes to determine the planet’s surface characteristics and delve deeper into its atmosphere. It will likely take years to obtain all the needed data.
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The exoplanet LHS 1140 b is one of the closest discovered planets that lies within its star’s habitable zone — the region where a planet could retain liquid water – and might have an atmosphere and an ocean of liquid water.
⬆️ According to an international scientists’ team, LHS 1140 b might be what’s called an eyeball planet, with a single liquid ocean surrounded by ice. Or it might be entirely ice-covered, with an ocean below the ice, similar to Jupiter’s moon Europa or Saturn’s moon Enceladus.
Located only 48-49 light-years away in the constellation Cetus, LHS 1140 b is 1.7 times the size of our planet Earth and is the most promising habitable zone exoplanet yet in search for liquid water beyond the Solar System.
The team hopes to determine the planet’s surface characteristics and delve deeper into its atmosphere. It will likely take years to obtain all the needed data.
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What are whistlers and how far can they reach?
🔘 A whistler is a very low frequency (VLF) radio wave generated by different types of lightning, including volcanic lightning.
🔘 These special electromagnetic waves are so named because they can be converted to sound signals and, with a VLF receiver, anyone can listen to the everyday melody of millions of lightning bolts (even if not every lightning bolt becomes a whistler). A listener in New Zealand can even hear a volcano in Alaska erupt.
🔘 Frequencies of terrestrial whistlers are 1 kHz to 30 kHz, with maximum frequencies usually at 3 kHz to 5 kHz.
🔘 For decades, researchers thought lightning-induced whistlers would remain trapped relatively close to Earth’s surface, below about 1,000 km.
⚡️ Now scientists have discovered that whistlers can reach distances up to 20,000 km above the planet’s surface, travelling deep into the highest layers of the atmosphere, where it could threaten the safety of satellites and astronauts.
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🔘 A whistler is a very low frequency (VLF) radio wave generated by different types of lightning, including volcanic lightning.
🔘 These special electromagnetic waves are so named because they can be converted to sound signals and, with a VLF receiver, anyone can listen to the everyday melody of millions of lightning bolts (even if not every lightning bolt becomes a whistler). A listener in New Zealand can even hear a volcano in Alaska erupt.
🔘 Frequencies of terrestrial whistlers are 1 kHz to 30 kHz, with maximum frequencies usually at 3 kHz to 5 kHz.
🔘 For decades, researchers thought lightning-induced whistlers would remain trapped relatively close to Earth’s surface, below about 1,000 km.
⚡️ Now scientists have discovered that whistlers can reach distances up to 20,000 km above the planet’s surface, travelling deep into the highest layers of the atmosphere, where it could threaten the safety of satellites and astronauts.
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Who were the earliest carpenters?
📌 The pair of interlocking logs joined by an intentionally cut notch ⬆️ was unearthed beneath a bank of Zambia’s Kalambo River by archaeologists.
📌 Dating to nearly half a million years ago, this discovery radically changed scholars’ views of the capabilities of people of the past.
📌 Researchers believe the logs may have formed part of a walkway or the foundation of a platform built over wetlands.
📌 The 476,000-year-old log structure was likely the handiwork of the archaic human species Homo heidelbergensis.
📌 Scientists haven’t seen archaic humans manipulating their environment on such a large scale before.
📌 At the same site, the team also unearthed stone axes and 4️⃣ wooden tools – a digging stick, a wedge-shaped object, a notched branch, and a flattened log ⬆️ – dating to 390,000-324,000 years ago.
ℹ️ Prior to this discovery, the oldest known surviving wooden structures were built by people living around 11,000 years ago.
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📌 The pair of interlocking logs joined by an intentionally cut notch ⬆️ was unearthed beneath a bank of Zambia’s Kalambo River by archaeologists.
📌 Dating to nearly half a million years ago, this discovery radically changed scholars’ views of the capabilities of people of the past.
📌 Researchers believe the logs may have formed part of a walkway or the foundation of a platform built over wetlands.
📌 The 476,000-year-old log structure was likely the handiwork of the archaic human species Homo heidelbergensis.
📌 Scientists haven’t seen archaic humans manipulating their environment on such a large scale before.
📌 At the same site, the team also unearthed stone axes and 4️⃣ wooden tools – a digging stick, a wedge-shaped object, a notched branch, and a flattened log ⬆️ – dating to 390,000-324,000 years ago.
ℹ️ Prior to this discovery, the oldest known surviving wooden structures were built by people living around 11,000 years ago.
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What is gaslighting?
✔️Gaslighting is a form of psychological abuse whereby a person or group may intentionally or unintentionally manipulate one or more people into questioning their sanity and perception of reality to exert power or control over others with the goal of manipulating them.
✔️Those experiencing gaslighting may often feel confused about their version of reality, experience anxiety, or be unable to trust themselves. Gaslighting can have severe consequences on mental health.
✔️The term gaslighting originates from the 1938 play and subsequent 1944 movie noscriptd ‘Gaslight’ in which a husband attempts to drive his wife crazy by dimming the lights (which were powered by gas) in their home, and then he later denies that the light changed when his wife points it out.
✔️Gaslighting is mostly known to be carried out by one person onto another person, commonly in romantic relationships, but can also occur in friendships, between family members, in the workplace, or politics.
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✔️Gaslighting is a form of psychological abuse whereby a person or group may intentionally or unintentionally manipulate one or more people into questioning their sanity and perception of reality to exert power or control over others with the goal of manipulating them.
✔️Those experiencing gaslighting may often feel confused about their version of reality, experience anxiety, or be unable to trust themselves. Gaslighting can have severe consequences on mental health.
✔️The term gaslighting originates from the 1938 play and subsequent 1944 movie noscriptd ‘Gaslight’ in which a husband attempts to drive his wife crazy by dimming the lights (which were powered by gas) in their home, and then he later denies that the light changed when his wife points it out.
✔️Gaslighting is mostly known to be carried out by one person onto another person, commonly in romantic relationships, but can also occur in friendships, between family members, in the workplace, or politics.
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How many hazards do humans encounter in space journeys?
🧑🚀🚀 Cosmonauts encounter five main hazards as they journey through space.
Space radiation
Invisible to the human eye, it is not only stealthy but considered one of the most hazardous aspects of spaceflight.
Isolation and confinement
Behavioral responses occur among groups of people far from Earth who are isolated and confined in a small space over a long period of time.
Distance from Earth
Instructions, new supplies, medical care, and more become increasingly challenging to receive from Earth as humans venture deeper into space.
Gravity (and the lack of it)
Astronauts' entire bodies – muscles, bones, inner ear, and organs – must adjust to the new gravities encountered in space and on other planets, and Earth once they return home.
Closed or hostile environments
Maintaining a safe ecosystem inside a spacecraft (optimal temperatures, pressures, lighting, microbial communities, etc.) presents unique challenges.
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🧑🚀🚀 Cosmonauts encounter five main hazards as they journey through space.
Space radiation
Invisible to the human eye, it is not only stealthy but considered one of the most hazardous aspects of spaceflight.
Isolation and confinement
Behavioral responses occur among groups of people far from Earth who are isolated and confined in a small space over a long period of time.
Distance from Earth
Instructions, new supplies, medical care, and more become increasingly challenging to receive from Earth as humans venture deeper into space.
Gravity (and the lack of it)
Astronauts' entire bodies – muscles, bones, inner ear, and organs – must adjust to the new gravities encountered in space and on other planets, and Earth once they return home.
Closed or hostile environments
Maintaining a safe ecosystem inside a spacecraft (optimal temperatures, pressures, lighting, microbial communities, etc.) presents unique challenges.
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Why may food taste weird in space?
📌 Despite being given carefully designed diet plans ⬆️, astronauts have reported that meals taste bland and that they were not meeting their nutritional needs, which can be dangerous for long-term missions. Astronauts typically only meet about 80% of their energy needs in space.
📌 Scientists already knew that low-gravity causes fluid to shift from the lower to the upper parts of the body, creating facial swelling and nasal congestion which affects smell and taste. But these symptoms begin to disappear within a few weeks.
📌 Researchers have found that spatial perception can play a significant role. A greater sense of loneliness and isolation — which astronauts may experience in space — can influence how people smell and taste their food.
📌 One of the long-term aims of the study is to make better tailored foods for astronauts, as well as other people who are in isolated environments, to increase their nutritional intake closer to 100%.
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📌 Despite being given carefully designed diet plans ⬆️, astronauts have reported that meals taste bland and that they were not meeting their nutritional needs, which can be dangerous for long-term missions. Astronauts typically only meet about 80% of their energy needs in space.
📌 Scientists already knew that low-gravity causes fluid to shift from the lower to the upper parts of the body, creating facial swelling and nasal congestion which affects smell and taste. But these symptoms begin to disappear within a few weeks.
📌 Researchers have found that spatial perception can play a significant role. A greater sense of loneliness and isolation — which astronauts may experience in space — can influence how people smell and taste their food.
📌 One of the long-term aims of the study is to make better tailored foods for astronauts, as well as other people who are in isolated environments, to increase their nutritional intake closer to 100%.
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What is the concept of Ahimsa?
🔺 The concept of Ahimsa is an ancient Indian principle of non-violence, non-injury or absence of desire to harm any life forms.
🔺 Ahimsa originated in Jainism, an Indian religion, and is also an important principle in Buddhism, Sikhism, and Hinduism.
🔺 Mahatma Gandhi’s philosophy of non-violence was also profoundly influenced by Ahimsa.
ℹ️ 🗓 No wonder that World Compassion Day (WCD), an annual observance held on November 28, originated in India. WCD was founded in 2012 by Pritish Nandy, an Indian poet, journalist, film producer, media and television personality, politician, and activist. While many international days serve as moments of reflection, WCD stands out by inspiring individuals and influential personalities worldwide to act, to speak on their beliefs, aligning non-violence and compassion with the trials and tribulations of the contemporary era. The first WCD was held in Mumbai and was dedicated to animal welfare.
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🔺 The concept of Ahimsa is an ancient Indian principle of non-violence, non-injury or absence of desire to harm any life forms.
🔺 Ahimsa originated in Jainism, an Indian religion, and is also an important principle in Buddhism, Sikhism, and Hinduism.
🔺 Mahatma Gandhi’s philosophy of non-violence was also profoundly influenced by Ahimsa.
ℹ️ 🗓 No wonder that World Compassion Day (WCD), an annual observance held on November 28, originated in India. WCD was founded in 2012 by Pritish Nandy, an Indian poet, journalist, film producer, media and television personality, politician, and activist. While many international days serve as moments of reflection, WCD stands out by inspiring individuals and influential personalities worldwide to act, to speak on their beliefs, aligning non-violence and compassion with the trials and tribulations of the contemporary era. The first WCD was held in Mumbai and was dedicated to animal welfare.
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Can a vacuum be totally empty?
📌 A vacuum is a volume empty of matter, sometimes called ‘free-space’.
❗️ In practice, only partial vacuums are possible.
📌 Outer space can approach the requirements of a vacuum, but even in space there are a few atoms per cubic meter.
📌 Vacuum is not a force. Though the net motion of matter from a region of higher to lower concentration does appear to be due to a force – e.g. inside a vacuum cleaner, gas concentration is about 20% lower than ambient, so air and dust will be ‘sucked’ in.
✍️ Contrary to popular belief, a vacuum cannot be made simply by sucking the molecules out of the container space. Molecules move in every direction and bounce, and to get the molecules out, one needs to wait until they come towards you out of their own ‘free will’, and then ‘bat them’ out of the enclosure using a high speed propeller called a turbo pump. It is often necessary to use more than one type of pump to achieve a reasonably good vacuum!
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📌 A vacuum is a volume empty of matter, sometimes called ‘free-space’.
❗️ In practice, only partial vacuums are possible.
📌 Outer space can approach the requirements of a vacuum, but even in space there are a few atoms per cubic meter.
📌 Vacuum is not a force. Though the net motion of matter from a region of higher to lower concentration does appear to be due to a force – e.g. inside a vacuum cleaner, gas concentration is about 20% lower than ambient, so air and dust will be ‘sucked’ in.
✍️ Contrary to popular belief, a vacuum cannot be made simply by sucking the molecules out of the container space. Molecules move in every direction and bounce, and to get the molecules out, one needs to wait until they come towards you out of their own ‘free will’, and then ‘bat them’ out of the enclosure using a high speed propeller called a turbo pump. It is often necessary to use more than one type of pump to achieve a reasonably good vacuum!
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What was the most spectacular vacuum experiment?
📍 The most spectacular vacuum experiment was performed by a German scientist Otto von Guericke (1602-1686), the inventor of the air pump. In 1654, he evacuated the air from inside a pair of joined metal hemispheres and attached a group of horses to each end. The external air pressure that acted on the hemispheres was so strong that even 30 animals could not pull them apart ⬆️.
📍 The first artificial vacuum was produced in 1643 by an Italian physicist and mathematician Evangelista Torricelli (1608-1647), a pupil of Galileo Galilei (1564-1642). Torricelli used the vacuum in his invention of the mercury barometer. He filled a glass tube (with one end sealed off) with mercury and then immersed it in a basin of the liquid metal. An empty space formed at the upper end of the tube, the size of which varied depending on the air pressure, which led Torricelli to assume that it has to be a void.
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📍 The most spectacular vacuum experiment was performed by a German scientist Otto von Guericke (1602-1686), the inventor of the air pump. In 1654, he evacuated the air from inside a pair of joined metal hemispheres and attached a group of horses to each end. The external air pressure that acted on the hemispheres was so strong that even 30 animals could not pull them apart ⬆️.
📍 The first artificial vacuum was produced in 1643 by an Italian physicist and mathematician Evangelista Torricelli (1608-1647), a pupil of Galileo Galilei (1564-1642). Torricelli used the vacuum in his invention of the mercury barometer. He filled a glass tube (with one end sealed off) with mercury and then immersed it in a basin of the liquid metal. An empty space formed at the upper end of the tube, the size of which varied depending on the air pressure, which led Torricelli to assume that it has to be a void.
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How did the largest pterosaurs fly?
Pterosaurs were the first vertebrates that evolved powered flight, but it has long been debated whether the largest pterosaurs could fly at all.
Scientists were lucky to find in Jordan three-dimensionally preserved bones of two different large-bodied azhdarchoid pterosaur species. These rare fossils have enabled experts to hypothesize that not only could the largest pterosaurs take to the air, but their flight styles could differ too.
Newly collected bones of the already-known giant pterosaur, Arambourgiania philadelphiae, with 10-meter wingspan resemble wing bones of modern vultures, whose flight style is soaring (sustained powered flight requiring launch and maintenance flapping).
A new, smaller species Inabtanin alarabia with circa 5-meter wingspan had flight bones that are similar to those of modern flapping birds. it is likely that Inabtanin flew this way (although this does not preclude occasional use of other flight styles too).
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Pterosaurs were the first vertebrates that evolved powered flight, but it has long been debated whether the largest pterosaurs could fly at all.
Scientists were lucky to find in Jordan three-dimensionally preserved bones of two different large-bodied azhdarchoid pterosaur species. These rare fossils have enabled experts to hypothesize that not only could the largest pterosaurs take to the air, but their flight styles could differ too.
Newly collected bones of the already-known giant pterosaur, Arambourgiania philadelphiae, with 10-meter wingspan resemble wing bones of modern vultures, whose flight style is soaring (sustained powered flight requiring launch and maintenance flapping).
A new, smaller species Inabtanin alarabia with circa 5-meter wingspan had flight bones that are similar to those of modern flapping birds. it is likely that Inabtanin flew this way (although this does not preclude occasional use of other flight styles too).
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