第十七期：Road to Paris

概要
这一集很好的承接上一集关于Impressionism的主题，介绍了三位作曲家是如何受到Impressionism的影响。三位作曲家分别是美国的George Gershwin，国籍背景复杂但是犹太背景很浓的Ernest Bloch和西班牙的Manuel de Falla～Bernstein通过实例展示了虽然这些作曲家有着非常浓烈的，和个人背景息息相关的个人风格，但无一不受到法国的影响，作品中有很多的Impressionism的元素：诸如whole tone，bitonality，印象派的harmony和orchestration等等。介绍的三首作品都很喜欢，尤其喜欢Bloch的Schelomo！

喜欢的Quote
We have seen that in the first third or so of our century the road to Paris was a heavily traveled one by composers of all nations and races—and not only composers with Spanish or Hebrew or American roots, but many others like Villa-Lobos from Brazil, Chavez from Mexico, Prokofieff and Stravinsky from Russia, Malipiero from Italy, and so on and on. They all went to Paris because its French spirit has been very contagious in our century, and thank goodness it has; because it's greatly enriched our whole musical life.

曲目
1. George Gershwin - An American in Paris
2. Ernest Bloch - Schelomo
3. Manuel de Falla - The Three-Cornered Hat

https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Ci4y1c7Tr

#YPC

Real #fun

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ACri2I4uQQI

第十八期：Happy Birthday, Igor Stravinsky

概要
这一期是给Stravinsky过八十岁生日（想到节目播出的时候Stravinsky还在世感觉有点奇特）～Stravinsky一生风格多变，从Rite of Spring那种原始主义，到新古典主义，再到晚年的无调性音乐。伯恩斯坦还把他和毕加索对比，后者同样一生经历了多变的风格，而且二人成为了很好的朋友。简要介绍之后，伯恩斯坦详细介绍了Stravinsky的Petrushka，非常精彩～

喜欢的Quotes
- And just when they thought they had his number—a thunderer—he switched on them, with the ease of a bullfighter reversing his cape. Whoosh—and Stravinsky had a new style.

- And so it is this king Igor that we salute today, the ever-changing, ever-new, ever-young Igor who at the age of eighty, imagine eighty, is still handing out the biggest surprises in the world of music.

- Stravinsky himself has said that his music is loved and understood best by children

- And then, a few vague plucked notes in the strings, and the ballet is over, leaving us hanging in suspense between one world and the other. Did all this really happen? Was that Petrouchka's ghost up there, or was it the real Petrouchka? Or is the real Petrouchka, after all, only that broken hunk of rags and stuffing, which was made real to us for a few minutes by the magic of Stravinsky's great art?

曲目
1. Stravinsky - Greeting Prelude (Happy Birthday)
2. Stravinsky - Rite of Spring
3. Stravinsky - Dumbarton Oaks
4. Stravinsky - Agon
5. Stravinsky - Petrushka

https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1rT4y137YH

#YPC

第二十期：The Sound of a Hall

概要
这一期伯恩斯坦介绍了音乐厅声学，即一个好的音乐厅应该有的声学素质，并用案例来演示。提到的声学特点包括了reverberation混响效果（大概就是余音绕梁的感觉）, intimacy亲近感（观众听到的音乐应该感觉是在身边，使用了Aaron Copland的The Little Horses作为案例）, clearness清晰度（即是否可以听清楚各个乐器的声音，使用了Vivaldi的Concerto for Four Violins作为案例）, blending and texture（即各个乐器的声音混合在一起的声音怎么样，使用了一首非常有趣的Wlaton的Facade Tango作为案例）和dynamic range（即能否在不同的音量下都具有很好的声学效果，使用了Tchaikovsky的Overture 1812作为案例）。

这期节目播出的一年前，纽约爱乐乐团刚搬到林肯中心的Fisher Hall(现更名为David Geffen Hall），首演的声学效果非常不好，而且讽刺的是这个音乐厅是以科学的声学设计闻名😳经过了很多的声学调整之后才好了很多。不过查了一下，在这期播出之后，这个音乐厅还进行了非常非常多次的调整，而且在2019年又公布了一个改进计划(ref1)😳1974年New York Times上刊登的Schonberg的The Curse of Fisher Hall's Acoustics(ref2)可能一直延续至今。

喜欢的Quote
A lot of people think that the sound of music in a hall depends only on how it's performed; if the orchestra plays well, the music will sound well -- which is certainly true, up to a certain point. But unless you have a hall that carries the orchestra's sound faithfully and clearly, the orchestra can play like angels, and you'll never know the difference.

You must remember that although music is an art, it also has its scientific side.

曲目
1. Berlioz - Overture of The Roman Carnival
2. Copland - The Little Horses
3. Vivaldi - Concerto in D minor for Four Violins
4. Walton - Facade Tango
5. Tchaikovsky - Overture 1812

https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1uT4y1J772

ref
1. https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/12/revealed-the-plans-for-david-geffen-hall-at-lincoln-center.html
2. https://www.nytimes.com/1974/10/13/archives/the-curse-of-fisher-halls-acoustics.html

#YPC

第二十一期：What is Melody

概要
这一期讨论的是什么是旋律这个问题。旋律自然是音乐中非常重要的元素，如果根据旋律就是一串在时间轴上的音符的定义，大概音乐是不可能没有旋律的。但是还是会有很多人会说：“这首歌旋律性不是那么强”之类的话。伯恩斯坦说，这是因为旋律有很多类型，它可以是tune（曲调），theme（主题），motive（动机），它可以出现在高声部，内声部，低声部，它可以有复杂的counterpoint使人难以分辨等等，而很多时候人们说的“没有旋律性”可能只是局限于曲调，高声部中。然而在交响乐中，正如他之前提到的，development（发展）才是最重要的元素，因此我们熟悉的tune在交响乐中不太常见，因为它已经“完成”了，很难再发展下去。伯恩斯坦总结道，其实对于旋律性的判断最重要的因素在于我们的耳朵期待的是什么（也就是taste），他举例道自己年轻的时候就没有体会到Bach的Italian Concerto第二乐章中绵绵不绝的melody的美，因为他当时觉得有重复的更具有旋律性，不过随着年岁的增长和对音乐更深刻的理解，他现在更能appreciate那段旋律的美了。之后，他还引申到，和我们自身taste的develop相同，历史上大家认为不具有“旋律性”的作品在现在看来可能也成为很有旋律性的代表了。总体来说这期蛮精彩的，一如既往的举了很多例子，还提到了一个很常见的melody的模式1-2-3，大概就是1是一个idea，2是对1这个idea的稍微有一点变化的重复，然后3起飞，还蛮有趣的哈哈哈～

喜欢的Quote
But don't you ever be scared of counterpoint; counterpoint is not an absence of melody, it's an abundance of melody; it doesn't erase melody, it multiplies it.

Well, so far we've discussed a few of the reasons why some people find certain kinds of music unmelodic -- like melodies going against each other, as in counterpoint, or a melody singing away down in the bass, not easily recognized, or buried in the middle of a sandwich, which is hard to find; or a melody constructed out of tiny motives, which is not exactly a tune. But the really important reason -- and I guess this is what I've been coming to all this time -- is the question of what our ears expect -- in other words, what we call taste. And that, in turn, is based on what our ears are used to hearing.

In exactly the same way that our tastes change with growing up, and hearing all kinds of different music, so people's tastes change from one period of history to another. The melodies people loved in Beethoven's time would have shocked and startled the people of Bach's time, 100 years earlier, and I'm equally sure that some of today's modern music, which people complain about as ugly and unmelodic, will be perfectly charming every-day stuff to the people of tomorrow.

And if you're still wondering what is melody, just listen to this movement and you'll realize that melody is exactly what a great composer wants it to be.

曲目
1. Mendelssohn - Wedding March
2. Cesar Franck - Symphony in D minor
3. Mozart - Haffner Symphony
4. Beethoven - Symphony No.5
5. Tchaikovsky - Symphony No. 6
6. Wagner - Tristan and Isolde Prelude
7. Mozart - G minor Symphony
8. Bach - Italian Concerto
9. Paul Hindemith - Concert Music for String and Brass
10. Brahms - Symphony No.4

https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1jJ411L71Y

#YPC

第二十三期：The Latin American Spirit

概要
这一期介绍的拉丁美洲的古典音乐，是一期忍不住想要跳舞的节目💃伯恩斯坦说拉丁美洲音乐的两大特点一是充满切分音的节奏，另一个是民族乐器带来的特殊色彩。伯恩斯坦还提到了拉丁美洲的“拉丁”一词来自于被殖民的历史（葡萄牙西班牙说的语言都属于拉丁语系），但是拉丁美洲的音乐更受到当地原住民以及非洲的深刻影响。这期节目里介绍了巴西作曲家Oscar Fernandez，Villa-Lobos，还有墨西哥作曲家Revueltas的作品，各具特色。除此之外还介绍了两位受到拉丁美洲音乐影响的美国作曲家的作品，一个是Aaron Coplan的一首，另一个是Bernstein自己的West Side Story🤣🤣🤣其实从West Side Story就可以猜到伯恩斯坦本人应该是很喜欢拉丁美洲的音乐的～这期节目里他指挥得也是很投入，感觉马上就要在指挥台上跳起来了～

我个人对拉丁美洲古典音乐的了解不是很多（当然，我对其他了解其实也不是很多），只听一两张那种"Latin American Classics"合集，但是一直都对拉丁美洲的音乐很上头，感觉它们在舞曲和热情的表面下有一种“英气”的东西（形容得不好😳）。看完这期准备再多explore一点拉美的作品，也欢迎大家推荐呀！

喜欢的Quote
Now actually I'm not crazy about that word "Latin" to describe this kind of music, because it tells only part of the story. When we speak of "Latin America" we are, of course, referring to the historical fact that these countries were conquered, settled, and exploited by invaders from Latin countries: like Spain—or, as in the case of Brazil, from Portugal. That's why Spanish and Portuguese are still the official languages of our friends to the south of us: and those languages are called "Latin" languages because they developed from the old language of ancient Rome. But the Latin American spirit—which is our subject today—has other ancestors besides the Latin ones, at least as important; and they are first of all the Indians,—the original inhabitants of those countries, and in some cases very strong civilizations in themselves—and secondly, Africans, a tremendously important influence, at least as important as it is in our own country. And it is the mingling of these different ancestors, influences, and heritages, which makes the Latin American spirit, what it is at any rate in the music.

The word America means much more than only the United States—that North America, South America, and Central America are, or ought to be, a solid united hemisphere.

曲目
1. Fernandez - Batuque
2. Villa-Lobos - Bachianas Brasileiras No. 5
3. Revueltas - Sensemayá
4. Aaron Copland - Danzon Cubano
5. Bernstein - West Side Story

https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1AJ411m75w

#YPC

第二十四期：A Tribute to Teacher

概要
轻松愉快的一期～伯恩斯坦把这一期献给自己的老师，包括了Serge Koussevitzky, Randall Thompson, Walter Piston, Fritz Reiner等，演奏了他们或者和他们相关的作品，分享了自己和他们的很多故事，而且现场也来了不少他的老师和亲属。正如伯恩斯坦所说，好的老师可以"light a spark in you"，不只是传授知识，更是传授对知识的热情，老师。伯恩斯坦用了Brahms的Academic Festival Overture作为结尾，这首作品是Brahms为一所学校所写，也是和老师有关～伯恩斯坦这么多年之后其实也成为了一位老师，而且是为大众普及音乐的老师，很感动于这样的传承～

喜欢的Quote
We can all think of a self-taught painter or writer, but it is almost impossible to imagine a professional musician who doesn't owe something to one teacher or another.

Teaching is probably the noblest profession in the world — the most unselfish, difficult, and honorable profession. It is also the most unappreciated, underrated, underpaid, and underpraised profession in the world.

You see, teaching is not just a dry business of scales and exercises; a great teacher is one who can light a spark in you, the spark that sets you on fire with enthusiasm for music, or for whatever you are studying. You can study the history of the Civil War for a year, memorizing battles and generals and dates and places; but if you don't care about the Civil War you'll wind up not knowing a bloody thing about it; But if you're lucky enough to have a teacher who makes that war part of your life, part of your country and your past — then you can drink in whole gallons of dates and names and places, and never forget them, because you learned them out of enthusiasm.

曲目
1. Mussorgsky - Khovanshchina prelude
2. Randall Thompson - Symphony No.2
3. Walton Piston - The Incredible Flutist
4. Brahms - The Academic Festival Overture

https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1mp4y1h7Bx

#YPC

第二十六期：The Genius of Paul Hindemith

概要
时隔很久的更新😳🙈这一期是纪念Paul Hindemith的突然离世。之前我对这位作曲家没有一点了解，在这一期里学到了很多。Bernstein对于Hindemith的形容是德式传统的继承人，虽然他的音乐乍一听是不和谐的，但是这些不和谐下面还是对传统的继承，而且他也是抵抗了勋伯格开创的十二音作曲风潮。针对这一点，Bernstein举了两个例子，一个是他的Three Exercise Pieces，虽然听起来挺“现代”的，但是底色和巴赫的二部创意曲没有什么区别；另一个是他的Piano Sonata No.2，虽然也是有一些“奇怪”，但用的Alberti Bass也是非常传统。之后Bernstein介绍了他的交响曲Mathis der Maler，是由他的同名歌剧改编，写的是德国画家Mathis Gruenwald的三幅画。Bernstein介绍道，Hindemith对这位画家的痴迷很大程度上是因为二人共享类似的境遇：Hindemith内心挣扎于满足纳粹的需求和自己的创作自由，而当年Mathis Gruenwald也是陷入宗教争端，内心挣扎。这首交响曲成为一种他对于纳粹的抵抗，艺术家也是公民，而抵抗的方式就是创作艺术本身。

喜欢的Quote
He was a fun-loving man, for whom music was everything. He was my idea of the total musician; he played music, wrote it, taught it, breathed it. He played jazz in cafes; he was concertmaster of an orchestra; he played viola in a string quartet, he wrote books about music; but mainly he wrote music, every kind of music —big, little, serious, light, noble and jazzy, hard and easy, music for professionals, for amateurs, and for children. He was a modern composer; but he was certainly never what we call an Angry Young Man. He had too much love in him for that. He loved all the German music that he was born into — Bach, Mozart, Bruckner; and he just continued it, making his own additions and changes.

So this opera about Mathis der Maler was his way of protesting; and in it he solved Gruenwald's problem as well as his own, by deciding that an artist is also a citizen and a fighter, only his way of fighting is by practicing his art, by creating beauty, in his own way — even if it means leaving his country, forever, which Hindemith finally did in 1938.

曲目
1. Paul Hindemith - Übung in drei Stücken (Exercise in Three Pieces), Op. 31/I
2. Paul Hindemith - Piano Sonata No.2
3. Paul Hindemith - Quartet No.3QUARTET NO, 3, OPUS 22
4. Paul Hindemith - Kleine Kammermusik
5. Paul Hindemith - Mathis der Maler

https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1pT4y1w7f6

#YPC

第二十七期：Jazz in the Music Hall

概要
这一期介绍的是音乐厅中的爵士乐，以The Third Stream为代表。The Third Stream把爵士和古典音乐融汇起来，由Gunther Schuller在1957年提出，节目中第一首便是请Gunther Schuller亲自指挥了自己的Journey into Jazz，讲的是一个小男孩学习爵士乐的历程，蛮有意思的～The Third Stream显然不是爵士乐和古典融汇的第一人，节目中介绍的第二首作品是1926年Aaron Copland写的Piano Concerto，其中包含了当年流行的爵士元素（Charleston rhythms等）。最后节目介绍了一首当下（不过也是快60年前了lol）的第三潮流作品Larry Austin的Improvisations for Orchestra and Jazz Soloists，其中有要求乐手们即兴的段落。

曲目
1. Gunther Schuller - Journey into Jazz (Peter and the Wolf of Jazz)
2. Aaron Copland - Concerto for Piano and Orchestra
3. Larry Austin - Improvisations for Orchestra and Jazz Soloists

https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Ua411A7ZV

#YPC

第二十八期: What is a Sonata Form

概要
这一期介绍的是Sonata Form～估计各位都对这个比较熟悉，但感觉这一期还是讲的非常好～Sonata来自于拉丁语Sonare，意思是器乐音乐，之后成为了古典音乐中可能最重要的一种音乐形制。伯恩斯坦介绍了这个form的两大特点，第一个是balance，Sonata Form可以看作是ABA form的一种延展，所以听起来很对称平衡；第二个是contrast，大多数的sonata form都会经历一个tonic-dominant-tonic的过程（当然也不是所有的选择都是dominant），这就创造出了戏剧效果。另外伯恩斯坦还有一个很好的总结：听出一个音乐的form是很难的，因为音乐不像绘画或是建筑，是存在于空间中的，所以形式一目了然，而音乐是时间上的艺术，听出它的形式就需要记住之前听过的内容，而了解类似于Sonata Form这种模式的一个好处就是有助于我们推断出一首作品的form～这一期里最有意思的是开头先演奏了Mozart的Jupiter Symphony，然后在伯恩斯坦大说特说一大通之后（其中还包括了他唱Beatles的And I Love Her😆），最后再一次演奏了Jupiter Symphony，但是这一次还请人在后面举牌子告诉大家现在是sonata form的哪个部分，非常喜欢这个设置～

喜欢的Quote
The form is harder to understand because grasping the form of a piece means seeing it all at once, or I should say hearing it all at once, which is of course impossible since music takes place in time instead of in space. So how could you hear it all at once.

But with a piece of music it takes time to hear the form; you have to keep in your head all the notes you've already heard while you're listening to the new ones, so that by the time the piece is over, it all adds up to one continuous form. Maybe that sounds impossible, but it's not. Of course, it's not easy, either. But if you know a little about the form in advance, (for instance, if you know the piece is going to be in sonata form) it all becomes much easier, because you can almost predict what musical shapes are going to happen.

曲目
1. Mozart - Symphony in C Major, "Jupiter"
2. Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star
3. Beatles - And I Love Her
4. Bizet - Carmen: Micael's Aria
5. Mozart - Piano Sonata in C Major
6. Prokofiev - Classical Symphony

https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1ZE41197e7

#YPC

早上在广播听到这个 喜欢！
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=NK3-URQntcg

#rameau #baroque #harpsicord

第二十九期: Farewell to Nationalism

概要
这一期叫做告别民族主义，不过看完的感觉好像是在“追悼”民族主义音乐的good old days😂民族主义音乐大概就是那种一听就能辨别出来是哪个国家或地区的音乐，一般是因为使用了带有当地特色的节奏旋律，或者是folk music～19世纪以前的音乐没有那么”民族主义“，伯恩斯坦举例了巴赫（德国人）和维瓦尔弟的音乐很相似。进入十九世纪，伴随着欧洲民族主义精神和政治的兴起，音乐也越来越带有民族主义色彩，每个地区都有自己的代表人物和风格。而进入了20世纪，作曲家们变得更为国际化，音乐也再次难以分辨国籍（片中举例了Webern, Mayazumi, Babbit等人的作品）。介绍完了这些小小的历史知识之后，伯恩斯坦演了三首富有民族主义色彩的作品。第一首是美国作曲家Charles Ives（这位的个人故事也蛮有意思的）的Fourth of July，这首作品是作曲家怀念小时候国庆节所做，非常有趣，里面有很多国庆节歌曲的逗趣版本，而且他们全部叠加在一起，还创造了游行中一个乐队远去，另一个乐队靠近的那种效果（而且为了指挥这个需要两位指挥😂），还有疯了一样的烟花声。第二首介绍的是西班牙作曲家Manuel de Falla的芭蕾The Three Cornered Hat，从节奏到旋律都西班牙风味十足，活力四射。最后演奏的是大家都耳熟能详的，提到民族主义音乐就会想到的捷克作曲家Smetana的The Moldau，的确是“追悼”民族主义音乐的最佳“绝唱”了。

喜欢的Quote
That's the way music used to be written, neatly packaged with clear nationalistic labels, and tied with colorful native ribbons.

You see, we've jumped 6000 miles from Germany to Japan, and the music has hardly changed at all. So something strange is going on these days, isn't it? Perhaps music is finally becoming what so many people have always liked to call it: a universal language.

曲目
1. Gliere - Russian Sailor's Dance ("The Red Poppy")
2. Charles Ives - "Fourth of July"
3. Manuel de Falla - The Three Cornered Hat
4. Smetana - The Moldau

https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Qa4y1i79K

#YPC

感觉之前好像分享过这首（但tele 搜索没搜到😂），每次听都感动
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pTzqMi2AQF8

#carol #Holst

后面想不定期的给朋友们分享一点即兴的内容，今儿先分享一首baroque风格的管风琴即兴的fugue. 曲子的bach味道很浓，主题听上去应该是借鉴了bach著名的g 小调幻想曲与赋格（BWV542）中的fugue段落。我们知道，fugue 创作本身就难，在严谨的格律中想做发挥属于戴着脚镣跳舞；而现在不仅要求作曲家即兴创作fugue，而且还是管风琴fugue，这个难度可想而知。https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=22ti2ocp_T0

分享一首Beethoven arranged的Auld Lang Syne祝大家新年快乐～
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r9V1XmXye2w

#beethoven

分享一首Mozart Piano Sonata的第二乐章，第二部分的theme和贝多芬的悲怆开头一模一样(3:20左右)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jrpeZHWrx5Q

ref: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._14_(Mozart)#Relation_to_Beethoven's_%22Path%C3%A9tique%22

继上一首借鉴莫扎特的作品之后，又发现一首贝多芬和莫扎特有关的作品，从魔笛 改编的variations～分享一首”Bei Männern, welche Liebe fühlen”，钢琴和大提琴作为duet的两“人”，一唱一和蛮有意思的～介绍中还提到贝多芬是使大提琴变成独奏乐器的重要人物～

#Beethoven #variations #Mozart

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bsSkpK-jS8w

分享一首John Cage的作品，The wonderful widow of eighteen springs～这首作品灵感来自乔伊斯的Finnegans Wake，vocal只有三个音高（但个人觉得旋律很优美！），钢琴是盖上盖子的，用手指、关节等击打琴盖演奏
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=su3DRrTDbrM

#johnCage #modern #vocal

分享一个视频～这个视频从哈利波特中Dumbledore’s Farewell的配乐讲起，回顾了Lament Bass从Renaissance, Baroque, 到Classical, Romantic，再到Blue, Jazz和流行乐的发展和应用～
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sois056oa-8